The Saint Paul en Forêt seismic swarm: an unusual activity in the seismically quiet Maures massif (South-Eastern France)
Résumé
In February 2018, the area around the locality of Saint Paul en Forêt (Eastern part of the hercynian Maures massif,
south-eastern France) was struck by 3 earthquakes of ML 3, 3.5 and 2.9 within a few hours. Such seismic activity
is quite unusual in this area that is considered to be stable and seismically quiet compared to the surrounding
regions (Subalpine Thrust and Fold Belt of Castellane and Nice to the north and East, Ligurian Basin to the
South-East, Provencal Thrust Belt to the West). These 3 earthquakes are the main shocks of a seismic swarm
(72 events) located by the permanent French seismological network (RESIF) a few kilometers west of Saint Paul
en Forêt and at around 15 km depth. A few hours after the beginning of the activity, we deployed a temporary
network of 5 seismometers around the epicenter in order to improve the location of the seismicity.
Such unusual seismic swarm activity in this region questions about (1) the tectonic structure responsible for it, (2)
the potential implication of aseismic deformation and fluids and (3) the assessment of the seismic hazard of the
zone that is currently considered as low to moderate.
To understand in detail the spatial and temporal activity of the swarm, we first perform a template matching
analysis on the continuous recordings to detect additional earthquakes not detected by the usual routine processes
(STA/LTA). We use as templates the 72 earthquakes of the swarm detected and located in routine. The template
matching process is applied on the four nearest permanent stations (distance 30-40 km) for the daily continuous
recordings between February 1st and June 8th in 2018. As a result, we detect more than 600 earthquakes (ML >
-0.58) on the nearest permanent station (TRIGF station, ∼ 30 km). The seismic activity started on February 16th
and the majority of the earthquakes occurred up to February 20th with a climax on February 17th and 18th (up to
80 events/hour and the occurrence of the 3 main shocks). After February 20th, a small but regular activity (a few
earthquakes per week) lasted up to June.
Second, we focus on the 282 earthquakes detected on the 4 nearest permanent stations. We locate these events
by adding data of two nearby stations of the temporary campaign AlpArray (A205A and A206A), one nearby
CEA-LDG station (LMR) and data of our own temporary network. We use double-difference relocation method
(hypoDD software) by inverting catalog times and delay times measured by cross-correlation. As a result, the
earthquakes cluster in a 500 m x 500 m elongated NE-SW structures dipping toward the NW. This geometry is in
agreement with the fault plane solution we otherwise computed for the 3 main shocks.
Finally, we analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of the swarm and discuss the possible causes of such seismic
activity.