The economic efficiency of conventional breeding strategies for forest trees based on biparental crosses is compared with that of alternative strategies based on pedigree reconstruction using molecular markers. Analyses of economic efficiency is based on comparisons of breeding scenarios corresponding to the same total investment. The first step is the description and cost evaluation of each basic operation, from crossing to genetic selection and clonal archive establishment. Breeding scenarios are then compared by stochastic sampling with a parametric genetic model (POPSIM), the comparison criteria in this case being genetic gain in the seed orchard for a given level of genetic diversity. Additionally, the economic gain resulting from the use of improved material is estimated for different levels of breeding investment. Our analysis shows that genotyping costs account for a much smaller proportion of total investment than phenotyping costs. We also show that, in comparisons of breeding scenarios corresponding to the same total investment, the three main breeding strategies (biparental crosses, polymix crosses, and open pollination) achieve similar genetic gains provided that sufficiently large numbers of parents are considered. These results open up promising perspectives for the wider integration of molecular markers into forest tree breeding strategies.