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              <p>Different approaches to the control of floodplain ‘encroachment’ exist in France and in England and Wales. In France, a ‘coercive’ approach emphasises strong central government intervention within a system of designated risk zones for all natural hazards. In England and Wales, a more ‘cooperative’ approach prevails, with the dominant power being with democratically elected local authorities. Ideas and policies are converging, however, as both local flexibility and national direction are shown to have implementation weaknesses as, in both countries, the development pressures on floodplains continue to grow.</p>
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              <p>Il existe en France, en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles des approches différentes du contrôle de l'occupation des sols dans les  plaines d'inondation. En France, une approche "coercitive" met l'accent sur une forte intervention de l'Etat dans le cadre d'un système de zones à risque désignées pour tous les risques naturels. En Angleterre et au Pays de Galles, c'est une approche plus "coopérative" qui prévaut, le pouvoir dominant étant détenu par les autorités locales démocratiquement élues. Les idées et les politiques convergent cependant, car la flexibilité locale et l'orientation nationale présentent des faiblesses de mise en œuvre alors que, dans les deux pays, les pressions de développement sur les plaines d'inondation continuent de croître.</p>
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