Objective. To assess the influence of traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, disease characteristics, and concomitant treatments in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on coronary artery calcification (CAC) and abdominal aorta calcification (AAC). Methods. In our cross-sectional study, 75 patients with RA were compared with 75 age-matched and sex-matched control participants. The CAC and AAC scores were measured by computed tomography in patients with no clinical evidence of coronary artery disease. The relationships between the presence or absence of CAC and AAC and traditional CV risk factors, disease characteristics, and concomitant treatments in patients with RA were assessed in a multiple logistic regression analysis. Results. The RA and control groups did not differ significantly in terms of age, sex composition, or the prevalence of traditional CV risk factors. AAC and CAC were more prevalent and severe in patients with RA than in controls. Older age (OR = 1.15, p < 0.01) and hypertension (OR = 3.77, p = 0.04) were found to be independently associated with CAC, whereas current use of methotrexate (MTX; OR = 0.12, p = 0.01) was found to be associated with the absence of CAC. Older age (OR per yr = 1.17, p < 0.001) and erosive arthritis (OR = 3.78, p = 0.03) were found to be independently associated with AAC. Conclusion. Our study demonstrates that in patients with RA, (1) CAC and AAC are more prevalent and more severe compared with age-matched and sex-matched control participants, (2) current use of MTX is a major determinant of the absence of CAC, and (3) erosive arthritis is a major determinant of AAC.