Identifying models for assessing the system-level impacts of Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
Résumé
‘Mobility as a Service’ (MaaS) is a concept that has been gaining popularity as a potential solution for achieving sustainable travel. While the literature largely assumes that MaaS will have a positive impact on individuals and society, the evidence regarding the impacts is limited to estimations based on either a small number of pilot studies or a few stated preference studies and expert speculation. Additionally, the current studies have mainly focused on micro-level and meso-level perspectives. However, MaaS should be considered as part of the mobility ecosystem and its development, operation and management are linked to the ecosystems of individuals, society, institutions, and territorial resources. It is therefore important to evaluate MaaS on a system-level. There is still a lack of knowledge on assessing the impacts of MaaS from environmental, economical and social aspects from a system-level perspective. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to find evaluation methods that can be potentially used to assess the impacts of MaaS on the transport system based on a literature review. This paper provides key information on opportunities and limitations of certain models in MaaS evaluation with the consideration of various key performance indicators (KPIs). The paper provides a pioneering study of how the models are identified, clustered and linked to different measurements of KPIs. A hybrid method such as combining System Dynamics and Agent-Based Modeling can have high potential to enable the assessment of the impacts of MaaS. The incorporation of futures scenarios could provide tools to tackle the uncertainties surrounding MaaS’ evolution and diffusion in the context of lack of data. The work conducted in this paper is beneficial to examine the extent to which MaaS solutions could enable sustainable travel, provide guidelines for stakeholders and explore the consequences of MaaS’ integration into mobility systems.