Vegetation dynamics in the African continent play an important role in the global terrestrial carbon cycle. Above-ground biomass carbon (AGC) stocks in Africa are sensitive to drought, fires and anthropogenic disturbances, and can be increased from forest restoration and tree plantation. However, there are large uncertainties in estimating changes that have occurred in AGC stocks in Africa over the past decades. Here, we used a microwave remote sensing-based vegetation index named Vegetation Optical Depth produced from X-band observations by INRAE Bordeaux (IB X-VOD) to describe the AGC dynamics in Africa covering recent decades. From 2003 to 2021, African AGC showed a net increase at a rate of +0.06 [+0.04, +0.07] PgC·yr−1 (the range represents the minimum and maximum AGC changes estimated by four calibrations), resulting from a large carbon gain of +0.55 [+0.46, +0.60] PgC·yr−1 during the first decade of the twenty-first century (period 1: 2003–2010) and a much weaker increase of +0.05 [+0.04, +0.07] PgC·yr−1 over the recent decade (period 2: 2013–2021). AGC gains were mainly found in non-forest woody areas, which contributed the most to the AGC changes during 2003–2021. Rainforests showed a minor AGC loss of −0.02 [−0.03, −0.02] PgC·yr−1, which emphasizes the need for forest conservation in Africa. Relationships between the AGC changes and potential forcing climate or anthropogenic variables suggested that human-induced deforestation and water stress (especially the vapor pressure deficit (VPD)) are the most important variables explaining the spatial and temporal AGC variations, respectively. For areas of rainforests, we identified a strong relationship between AGC and VPD (negative), soil moisture (positive) and radiation (positive). For areas of sparse vegetation (mainly located in drylands), AGC changes are largely dominated by changes in the soil water conditions. This study presents a new dataset for monitoring AGC dynamics at a continental scale over recent decades being independent of optical observations, quantifying the impacts of anthropogenic pressure and water stress on aboveground biomass carbon changes.