<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:hal="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/" xmlns:gmlce="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce" version="1.1" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0 http://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/documents/aofr-sword.xsd">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>HAL TEI export of hal-04278226</title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
        <availability status="restricted">
          <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0 - Universal</licence>
        </availability>
        <date when="2026-05-03T17:01:11+02:00"/>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p part="N">HAL API Platform</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblFull>
          <titleStmt>
            <title xml:lang="en">The Role of Formalism in System Requirements</title>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Jean-Michel</forename>
                <surname>Bruel</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">956e6cb7715b5acc170cab5eab88ce83</email>
              <email type="domain">gmail.com</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">jean-michel-bruel</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">177903</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">25624-177903</idno>
              <idno type="RESEARCHERID">http://www.researcherid.com/rid/ABD-5184-2020</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/175721068</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-0148</idno>
              <idno type="GOOGLE SCHOLAR">http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=5shVHyoAAAAJ&amp;hl=en</idno>
              <idno type="RESEARCHERID">http://www.researcherid.com/rid/http://www.researcherid.com/rid/ABD-5184-2020</idno>
              <idno type="ARXIV">https://arxiv.org/a/bruel_j_1</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1001838"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Sophie</forename>
                <surname>Ebersold</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">d5e0544cfa562a0273b91dd77e64cd4b</email>
              <email type="domain">univ-tlse2.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">sophie-ebersold</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">743701</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">15338-743701</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/119922037</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-2844</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1001838"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Florian</forename>
                <surname>Galinier</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">fbd7a62f3343a9a33bb462d96bbd1b86</email>
              <email type="domain">irit.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1102229</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">1080626-1102229</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1001838"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-116256"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Manuel</forename>
                <surname>Mazzara</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">f8ef054d422b071afac509db1bd6ef84</email>
              <email type="domain">innopolis.ru</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1132730</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">391832-1132730</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-460206"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Alexandr</forename>
                <surname>Naumchev</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">ac0171a95c3ae9f46c1f50c3f9a4ea72</email>
              <email type="domain">outlook.co</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1102230</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">1985372-1102230</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-0751</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/245065865</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-460206"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Bertrand</forename>
                <surname>Meyer</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">95bbf1e2836a349c034c8ecc58cc3120</email>
              <email type="domain">inf.ethz.ch</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">978925</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">307851-978925</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-460206"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1067164"/>
            </author>
            <editor role="depositor">
              <persName>
                <forename>Sophie</forename>
                <surname>Ebersold</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">d5e0544cfa562a0273b91dd77e64cd4b</email>
              <email type="domain">univ-tlse2.fr</email>
            </editor>
            <funder>Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation and Russian Venture Company (Agreement No. 004/20 dd. 20.03.2020, IGK 0000000007119P190002)</funder>
          </titleStmt>
          <editionStmt>
            <edition n="v1" type="current">
              <date type="whenSubmitted">2023-11-09 20:00:29</date>
              <date type="whenModified">2025-10-22 18:04:09</date>
              <date type="whenReleased">2023-11-09 20:00:29</date>
              <date type="whenProduced">2022-06-30</date>
            </edition>
            <respStmt>
              <resp>contributor</resp>
              <name key="601097">
                <persName>
                  <forename>Sophie</forename>
                  <surname>Ebersold</surname>
                </persName>
                <email type="md5">d5e0544cfa562a0273b91dd77e64cd4b</email>
                <email type="domain">univ-tlse2.fr</email>
              </name>
            </respStmt>
          </editionStmt>
          <publicationStmt>
            <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
            <idno type="halId">hal-04278226</idno>
            <idno type="halUri">https://hal.science/hal-04278226</idno>
            <idno type="halBibtex">bruel:hal-04278226</idno>
            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;ACM Computing Surveys&lt;/i&gt;, 2022, 54 (5, article 93), pp.1-36. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3448975"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;10.1145/3448975&amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
            <idno type="halRef">ACM Computing Surveys, 2022, 54 (5, article 93), pp.1-36. &amp;#x27E8;10.1145/3448975&amp;#x27E9;</idno>
            <availability status="restricted"/>
          </publicationStmt>
          <seriesStmt>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-TLSE2">Université Toulouse 2</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-TLSE3">Université de Toulouse</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="CNRS">CNRS - Centre national de la recherche scientifique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UT1-CAPITOLE">Université Toulouse 1 Capitole</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="IRIT">IRIT - Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="IRIT-SMART" corresp="IRIT">Smart Modeling for software Research and Technology</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="IRIT-FSL" corresp="IRIT">Fiabilité des Systèmes et des Logiciels</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="IRIT-UT2J">IRIT - Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="TOULOUSE-INP">Toulouse - INP</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-UT3">Université Toulouse 3</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UT3-INP">Université de Toulouse / Toulouse INP</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UT3-TOULOUSEINP">Université de Toulouse / Toulouse INP</idno>
          </seriesStmt>
          <notesStmt>
            <note type="audience" n="2">International</note>
            <note type="popular" n="0">No</note>
            <note type="peer" n="1">Yes</note>
          </notesStmt>
          <sourceDesc>
            <biblStruct>
              <analytic>
                <title xml:lang="en">The Role of Formalism in System Requirements</title>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Jean-Michel</forename>
                    <surname>Bruel</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">956e6cb7715b5acc170cab5eab88ce83</email>
                  <email type="domain">gmail.com</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">jean-michel-bruel</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">177903</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">25624-177903</idno>
                  <idno type="RESEARCHERID">http://www.researcherid.com/rid/ABD-5184-2020</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/175721068</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-0148</idno>
                  <idno type="GOOGLE SCHOLAR">http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=5shVHyoAAAAJ&amp;hl=en</idno>
                  <idno type="RESEARCHERID">http://www.researcherid.com/rid/http://www.researcherid.com/rid/ABD-5184-2020</idno>
                  <idno type="ARXIV">https://arxiv.org/a/bruel_j_1</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1001838"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Sophie</forename>
                    <surname>Ebersold</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">d5e0544cfa562a0273b91dd77e64cd4b</email>
                  <email type="domain">univ-tlse2.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">sophie-ebersold</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">743701</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">15338-743701</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/119922037</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-2844</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1001838"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Florian</forename>
                    <surname>Galinier</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">fbd7a62f3343a9a33bb462d96bbd1b86</email>
                  <email type="domain">irit.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1102229</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">1080626-1102229</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1001838"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-116256"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Manuel</forename>
                    <surname>Mazzara</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">f8ef054d422b071afac509db1bd6ef84</email>
                  <email type="domain">innopolis.ru</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1132730</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">391832-1132730</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-460206"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Alexandr</forename>
                    <surname>Naumchev</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">ac0171a95c3ae9f46c1f50c3f9a4ea72</email>
                  <email type="domain">outlook.co</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1102230</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">1985372-1102230</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-0751</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/245065865</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-460206"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Bertrand</forename>
                    <surname>Meyer</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">95bbf1e2836a349c034c8ecc58cc3120</email>
                  <email type="domain">inf.ethz.ch</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">978925</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">307851-978925</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-460206"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1067164"/>
                </author>
              </analytic>
              <monogr>
                <idno type="halJournalId" status="VALID">2593</idno>
                <idno type="issn">0360-0300</idno>
                <title level="j">ACM Computing Surveys</title>
                <imprint>
                  <publisher>Association for Computing Machinery</publisher>
                  <biblScope unit="volume">54</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="issue">5, article 93</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="pp">1-36</biblScope>
                  <date type="datePub">2022-06-30</date>
                </imprint>
              </monogr>
              <idno type="doi">10.1145/3448975</idno>
              <ref target="https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02564" type="seeAlso"/>
              <ref target="https://dl.acm.org/toc/csur/2022/54/5" type="seeAlso"/>
              <ref type="publisher">https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3448975</ref>
            </biblStruct>
          </sourceDesc>
          <profileDesc>
            <langUsage>
              <language ident="en">English</language>
            </langUsage>
            <textClass>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="info">Computer Science [cs]</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halOldTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTreeTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
            </textClass>
            <abstract xml:lang="en">
              <p>A major determinant of the quality of software systems is the quality of their requirements, which should be both understandable and precise. Most requirements are written in natural language, which is good for understandability but lacks precision. To make requirements precise, researchers have for years advocated the use of mathematics-based notations and methods, known as “formal.” Many exist, differing in their style, scope, and applicability. The present survey discusses some of the main formal approaches and compares them to informal methods. The analysis uses a set of nine complementary criteria, such as level of abstraction, tool availability, and traceability support. It classifies the approaches into five categories based on their principal style for specifying requirements: natural-language, semi-formal, automata/graphs, mathematical, and seamless (programming-language-based). It includes examples from all of these categories, altogether 21 different approaches, including for example SysML, Relax, Eiffel, Event-B, and Alloy. The review discusses a number of open questions, including seamlessness, the role of tools and education, and how to make industrial applications benefit more from the contributions of formal approaches.</p>
            </abstract>
          </profileDesc>
        </biblFull>
      </listBibl>
    </body>
    <back>
      <listOrg type="structures">
        <org type="researchteam" xml:id="struct-1001838" status="OLD">
          <orgName>Smart Modeling for softw@re Research and Technology</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">IRIT-SM@RT</orgName>
          <date type="start">2018-03-01</date>
          <date type="end">2025-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse - IRIT Maison de la Recherche / Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès 5 allées Antonio Machado 31058 TOULOUSE Cedex 9</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.irit.fr/departement/fiabilite-des-systemes-et-des-logiciels/smart/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-34499" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-81148" type="indirect"/>
            <relation name="443875" active="#struct-443875" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-116256" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-443875" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-217752" type="indirect"/>
            <relation name="UMR5505 / URA1399" active="#struct-441569" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-448187" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1149079" type="indirect"/>
            <relation name="FED4171" active="#struct-217752" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-116256" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">026403994</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/04ezk3x31</idno>
          <orgName>Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UT2J</orgName>
          <date type="start">1971-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>5 allées Antonio Machado - 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.univ-tlse2.fr</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-443875" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-460206" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Innopolis University</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Universitetskaya St, 1, Innopolis, Respublika Tatarstan, Russie, 420500</addrLine>
              <country key="RU"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://university.innopolis.ru/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-1067164" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Schaffhausen Institute of Technology</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">SIT</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Rheinweg 9, 8200 Schaffhausen, Suisse</addrLine>
              <country key="CH"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://sit.org/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-34499" status="OLD">
          <idno type="IdRef">030947448</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000121927225</idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">199511949P</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/01rx4qw44</idno>
          <orgName>Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">IRIT</orgName>
          <date type="start">1990-01-01</date>
          <date type="end">2025-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.irit.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-81148" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="443875" active="#struct-443875" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-116256" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-443875" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-217752" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="UMR5505 / URA1399" active="#struct-441569" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-448187" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1149079" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="FED4171" active="#struct-217752" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-81148" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">026404354</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000121902837</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/0443n9e75</idno>
          <orgName>Université Toulouse Capitole</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UT Capitole</orgName>
          <date type="start">1970-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>2 rue du Doyen-Gabriel-Marty - 31042 Toulouse Cedex 9</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ut-capitole.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation name="443875" active="#struct-443875" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-443875" status="VALID">
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/017tgbk05</idno>
          <orgName>Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">Comue de Toulouse</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>41 Allée Jules Guesde, 31000 Toulouse</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.univ-toulouse.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-217752" status="OLD">
          <idno type="IdRef">026404672</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000121617331</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02v6kpv12</idno>
          <idno type="Wikidata">Q1273188</idno>
          <orgName>Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UT3</orgName>
          <date type="end">2025-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>118 route de Narbonne - 31062 Toulouse</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.univ-tlse3.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-443875" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-441569" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">02636817X</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000122597504</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02feahw73</idno>
          <orgName>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CNRS</orgName>
          <date type="start">1939-10-19</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-448187" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">026388820</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000121766169</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/033p9g875</idno>
          <orgName>Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse)</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">Toulouse INP</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.inp-toulouse.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-443875" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regrouplaboratory" xml:id="struct-1149079" status="OLD">
          <orgName>Toulouse Mind &amp; Brain Institut</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">TMBI</orgName>
          <date type="start">2021-01-01</date>
          <date type="end">2025-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>CHU Purpan, Pavillon Baudot, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.tmbi.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-116256" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-443875" type="indirect"/>
            <relation name="FED4171" active="#struct-217752" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
  </text>
</TEI>