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                <term xml:lang="fr">Analyse diachronique</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Roya</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Crue torrentielle</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Métamorphose fluviale</term>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">Vésubie</term>
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              <p>On October 2nd, 2020, under the combined effect of the winter Alex storm formed off the Brittany coast, and a strong Mediterranean episode, very intensive rainfalls affected in the south eastern France, both Roya and Vésubie catchments (locally up to 600 mm in 24h). This paroxysmal event with a heavy human toll (10 dead, 8 missing) generated extreme flash floods over a large part of the hydrographic network. The result is an almost generalized fluvial metamorphosis of rivers, from sinuous single-thread channels to braided channels. The characterization of morphological effects of these floods is based on a diachronic aerial picture analysis highlighting a strong increase of the active channel width (up to 900%) reaching - or even pushing back in few sectors - front limits of the valley bottom. In the Vésubie, the 2D morphological effect of the Alex storm was 10 times higher than that of the 100-yrs return period flood of November 1997. Comparison of digital terrain models (DEM) before- and after-flood also allows us to foresee the altitudinal variations (erosion/deposition) that affected beds and their riverine margins. The analysis of the impacts caused by these floods changes the perception of the “freedom space” of these alpine rivers, which now must be taken into account in the perspective of resilient reconstruction.</p>
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            <abstract xml:lang="fr">
              <p>Le 2 octobre 2020, sous l’effet combiné de la tempête hivernale Alex formée au large de la Bretagne, et d’un fort épisode méditerranéen, des pluies diluviennes ont affecté les bassins versants de la Roya et de la Vésubie (Alpes-Maritimes), avec des valeurs de précipitations en plusieurs endroits supérieures à 600 mm en 24h. Cet évènement paroxystique au lourd bilan humain (10 morts, 8 disparus), a engendré des crues éclair extrêmes sur une grande partie du réseau hydrographique de ces vallées alpines. Il en résulte une métamorphose fluviale quasi-généralisée des rivières, passant de tracés sinueux à chenal unique à des morphologies en tresses. La caractérisation des effets morphologiques de ces crues s’appuie notamment sur un travail de photo-interprétation diachronique qui permet de mettre en évidence une forte augmentation de la largeur de la bande active (jusqu’à 900 %) atteignant – voire repoussant sur certains secteurs – les limites antérieures du fond de vallée. Sur la Vésubie, l’effet morphologique 2D de la tempête Alex a été 10 fois supérieur à celui de la crue centennale de novembre 1997. Des travaux de comparaison de modèles numériques de terrain (MNT) avant/après crue permettent également d’entrevoir les variations altitudinales (érosion/dépôt) ayant affecté les lits et leurs marges. L’analyse des bouleversements entrainés entraînés par ces crues modifie la perception de l’espace de liberté de ces rivières torrentielles, qui doit être pris en compte dans la perspective d’une reconstruction résiliente.</p>
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