It was not until the 16th century that the French language became the object of a lexicographical description in its own right. While in France the foundations for French lexicography were laid by Robert Estienne in the second edition of his learned Dictionaire Francoislatin (1549), in the Low Countries a number of "French schoolmasters" set about creating an entirely new type of lexicographical product: the bilingual vernacular-to-vernacular dictionary in which French was contrasted with Dutch.