In urban and peri-urban areas, where waste management is more than ever a major issue, insect farming may be an ecological way to recycle bio-waste in a circular bioeconomy approach. Some insect species such as the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) can grow on many types of organic substrates and can convert them into valuable by-products. There may be a wide variety of insect bioconversion products since larvae are a natural source of micronutrients, amino acids and antimicrobial compounds (chitin, lauric acid or antimicrobial peptides). They are also rich in proteins which can be used for animal feed, in fats used for the production of biofuel, in chitin used in various industries, and they produce a type of manure called frass that can be used as biofertiliser. However, besides its ecological and nutritional benefits, risks of insect-based bioconversion should be identified and monitored. Indeed, some chemical contaminants may be found in insect farming environment, in their feeding substrates or can be produced during processing methods. Moreover, microbiological contaminants may be found in the insect farming chain. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the impact of these contaminants on insect production but also to determine their fate in the insect (bioaccumulation or biodegradation). It is also important to assess the environmental, social and economic impact of insect-based bioconversion and to determine the consumer acceptability of these new processes and products. It is around this overall benefit-risk assessment that the project INSECT4CITY is focused, bringing together 8 research divisions of INRAE, the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment. It will address, upstream of the development of this sector with very high potential, all the questions that the general public, the legislator as well as the producers of insects can ask themselves about this means of recycling bio-waste.