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            <title xml:lang="en">The growth-inequality debate revisited by rent-seeking theory: Some empirical evidence</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Inequality</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Economic Growth</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Institution</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Entrepreneur</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Profit</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Rent seeking</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Profit</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Entrepreneur</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Qualité des institutions</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Croissance économique</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Inégalités</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Recherche de rente</term>
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              <p>The growth/income inequality nexus is surrounded by theoretical as well as empirical ambiguities. These ambiguities can be lifted by focusing on the nature of inequalities and not their level. Inequalities may be the result of productive profit-seeking activities or unproductive rent-seeking activities. To re-assess empirically the growth/income inequality nexus, we first propose a strategy to approximate the nature of inequalities by an indicator of institutional quality. We propose an indicator of institutions' productivity which describes the prevalence of institutions favourable to the search for profit and institutions fostering the search for rents, and conversely. It is an indirect measure of the predominance of rent-seeking activities over profit-seeking ones, and conversely. Then, using a panel data covering the period 1990–2020 for 114 countries (88 developing countries and 26 developed countries) and relying on the two-way fixed effects technique to test our estimator, we show that countries where institutions' productivity is high, growth is positively related to income inequality. Conversely, growth is negatively related to income inequality in countries where institutions' productivity is low. There is thus a positive relationship between productive inequalities and growth in countries where profit-seeking institutions dominate the institutional setting. By analogy, in countries where rent-seeking institutions are dominant there is a negative relationship between unproductive inequalities and growth. Contrary to previous public policy recommendations, inequalities should not be tackled since they are pro-growth in countries with high levels of institutions’ productivity.</p>
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              <p>La relation inégalités/Croissance est entourée de nombreuses ambiguïtés théoriques et empiriques. Ces ambiguïtés peuvent être levées en se concentrant sur la nature des inégalités et non sur leur niveau. Les inégalités peuvent être le résultat d'activités productives de recherche de profit ou d'activités improductives de recherche de rente. Pour réévaluer empiriquement le lien entre croissance et inégalités de revenus, cet article propose tout d'abord une stratégie visant à approximer la nature des inégalités à l'aide d'un indicateur de qualité des institutions. Cet indicateur mesure la prévalence dans un pays donné d'institutions favorables à la recherche du profit ou à la recherche de rentes. Il s'agit d'une mesure indirecte de la prédominance des activités de recherche de rente sur celles de recherche de profit. Un test sur données de panel couvrant la période 1990-2020 pour 114 pays (88 pays en développement et 26 pays développés) est ensuite proposé. Il montre sur la base d'un modèle à effets fixes bidirectionnels que dans les pays où la productivité des institutions est élevée, le signe de la relation inégalités/croissance est positif. A l'inverse dans les pays où les institutions incitent à la recherche de rente, le signe de la relation inégalités/croissance est négatif. Contrairement à ce que soutient une grande partie de la littérature qui ne distingue pas les inégalités selon leur origine, les inégalités ne devraient être combattues que dans les pays où les institutions encouragent à la recherche de rente, si l'unique motif des politiques de redistribution est de soutenir la croissance économique.</p>
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