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            <title xml:lang="en">Neurodiversity and autism: between disability and difference, science and ideology</title>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Neurodiversity and autism: between disability and difference, science and ideology</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">disability</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">autism</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">difference</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">science</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">ideology</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">neurodivergence</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">neurodiversity</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">neurodiversité</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">neurodivergence</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">handicap</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">différence</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">autisme</term>
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              <p>The concept of neurodiversity has been developing for more than twenty years from a socio-political angle. Since then, it has been strongly criticized for its lack of scientificity, its blurred boundaries, its emphasis a certain conception of autism, its problems associated with intellectual disability, its inability to support the theory of a non-disabling difference, and its excessive alignment with either the medical model of disability or the social model of disability. Furthermore, neurodiversity is considered from different angles, depending on disciplines, research and  individuals: the medical model of disability, based on an individual problem; the social model of disability, based on a societal problem; the neurodiversity combining innate, acquired, neurodevelopment and psychology in opposition to a norm; and the cognitive diversity, highlighting the existence of different cognitions and neurophenotypes outside of psychopathology and the healthy-pathological opposition. This article thus proposes using the case of autism to explore these two challenges of neurodiversity: its terminology and its scientific foundations. The development of a neurobiological and genetic pan in neurodiversity, and a more thorough work on the definition and conception of autism could place neurodiversity in a scientific field free of political and partisan ideologies.</p>
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              <p>Le concept de neurodiversité se développe depuis plus de vingt ans sous un angle sociopolitique. Or, il est depuis vivement critiqué pour son manque de scientificité, le flou de ses frontières, la mise en lumière d’une certaine conception de l’autisme, les problématiques liées à la déficience intellectuelle, l’incapacité à étayer la théorie d’une différence non handicapante ainsi que le trop grand alignement tantôt sur le modèle médical du handicap et tantôt sur le modèle social du handicap. Par ailleurs, la neurodiversité est considérée sous différents angles selon les disciplines, les chercheurs et le grand public : le modèle médical du handicap basé sur un problème de personne; le modèle social du handicap basé sur un problème de société, la neurodivergence mêlant inné, acquis, neurodéveloppement et psychologie en opposition à une norme, et; la diversité cognitive mettant un exergue l’existence de différentes cognitions et neurophénotypes en dehors de la psychopathologie et de l’opposition sain-pathologique. Cet article propose ainsi d’explorer ces deux défis de la neurodiversité — la question de la terminologie et celle de ses fondements scientifiques — en utilisant le cas de l’autisme. Il suggère que le développement d’un pan neurobiologique et génétique dans la neurodiversité et d’un travail plus approfondi sur la définition et la conception de l’autisme pourraient permettre d’inscrire la neurodiversité dans un champ scientifique hors des idéologies politiques et partisanes.</p>
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