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            <title xml:lang="en">Theoretical Study of High Voltage Vacuum Arc Interruption</title>
            <title xml:lang="fr">Étude Théorique de la Coupure Haute Tension par Arc dans le Vide</title>
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            <note type="description">Résumé d'étude pour la participation au 16ième Colloque sur les Arcs Electriques, à Sophia Antipolis par l'Ecole des Mines de Paris.</note>
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                <title xml:lang="fr">Étude Théorique de la Coupure Haute Tension par Arc dans le Vide</title>
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              <p>It is with a view to ecological transition that this study is being developed in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from circuit breakers and comply with environmental standards. Siemens Energy is a key player in the field of electrical switching; the company develops high-voltage circuit breakers (above 72.5 kV). In collaboration with the AEPPT team at Laplace, the company's objective is to study medium- and high-voltage vacuum arc breaking in order to develop its product range. Initially, we consider two flat, parallel copper electrodes in contact in a vacuum. When the contacts are opened, an electric arc is created which burns in the vapours produced by the erosion of the electrodes. The pressure is of the order of a few 10^3 Pa. This arc can adopt two operating states: the diffuse regime and the concentrated regime (at high current intensities). To avoid constriction of the plasma column and heating of the metal contacts, an axial magnetic field (AMF) can be applied. This field extends the current range in which the arc is in diffuse mode, i.e. stable in the inter-electrode medium, and reduces material ablation.</p>
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              <p>C'est dans une optique de transition écologique que cette étude est développée afin de diminuer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre issus des disjoncteurs et de respecter les normes environnementales. Siemens Energy est un acteur central du domaine de la coupure électrique ; la société développe des disjoncteurs haute tension (supérieure à 72.5 kV). C'est en collaboration avec l'équipe AEPPT du Laplace, que cette entreprise a pour objectif d'étudier la coupure moyenne et haute tension par arc dans le vide afin de faire évoluer sa gamme de produits. Au départ, on considère deux électrodes planes et parallèles, en cuivre et en contact dans le vide. Lors de l'ouverture des contacts, il y a établissement d'un arc électrique qui brule dans les vapeurs issues de l'érosion des électrodes. La pression est alors de l'ordre de quelques 10^3 Pa. Cet arc peut adopter deux états de fonctionnement : le régime diffus et le régime concentré (aux fortes intensités du courant). Pour éviter une constriction de la colonne plasma et un échauffement des contacts métalliques, il est possible d'appliquer un champ magnétique axial (AMF). Ce champ permet d'élargir la plage de courant dans laquelle l'arc est en mode diffus, c'est-à-dire stable dans le milieu inter-électrodes et de diminuer l'ablation des matériaux.</p>
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