An optical settling column was used in the Garonne Tidal River to estimate the settling velocity of suspended matter in surface waters over a period characterized by contrasting hydrological conditions. A time and space variability of settling velocity was observed during this study. The settling velocities of surface suspended matter ranged from 0.018 to 0.268 mm.s −1 , and the median diameter of dispersed particles varied from 4.74 to 14.38 µm. The data revealed the physical processes influencing the sediment settling dynamics throughout different time scales in a highly turbid tidal river. On tidal and fortnightly time scales, resuspension, deposition and advection mechanisms were the major drivers of the settling velocity variability, while it is likely that the estuarine turbidity maxima (ETM) was responsible for seasonal variations. The findings of this work suggest that in tidal rivers, salinity is too low to promote flocculation, whereas ETM can play a key role in enhancing this process. The stronger variability in settling velocity occurs on a tidal timescale, with median values up to four times higher at the end of the ebb tide than at high water. These variations cannot be correlated to salinity or sediment concentration. On a seasonal timescale, flocculation appears to be strongly correlated with the presence of the ETM and associated fluid mud layer. A simple correlation based on tidal variations seems to be a better predictor than the relationships based on the sediment concentration.