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              <p>L’extrême sud-est de la France renferme d’importants sites du Paléolithique inférieur. Ils permettent de mieux appréhender le comportement et le mode de vie des plus anciens hominines d’Europe occidentale. Différents programmes de datations ont été réalisés sur les trois principaux sites préhistoriques des Alpes-Maritimes. La grotte du Vallonnet, le plus ancien des sites de la région, à Roquebrune-Cap-Martin (43°45’51”N, 7°28’15”E), a livré des outils archaïques de culture oldowayenne associés à des faunes épivillafranchiennes et dont certains ossements portent des marques évidentes de découpe. Les dernières datations à 1,22-1,18 Maobtenues par la méthode U-Pb sont présentées ici. L’occupation humaine du site se situe au cours de l’épisode paléomagnétique Cobb Mountain soit au cours du stade isotopique marin MIS 36-35 (MIS : marine isotope stage), avec un climat frais et sec à la base de la séquence archéologique suivi d’un climat tempéré et humide d’après les données de la paléontologie et de la palynologie. D’autres occupations humaines plus tardives sont enregistrées dans la région, avec la présence de populations hominines sur le site de plein air de Terra Amata à Nice (43°41’52’’N, 7°17’21’’E), dont nous rappelons ici l’ancienne datation par ESR à environ 380 ka(Yokoyama et al., 1985) et les résultats de la biochronologie situant les occupations au cours de la période tempérée du MIS 11. Les Homo erectus ont occupé le site à plusieurs reprises, à la belle saison, et y ont laissé une industrie du Paléolithique inférieur rapportée à l’Acheuléen. Enfin, des groupes des derniers Homo erectus occupent de façon répétitive la grotte du Lazaret à Nice (43°41’25’’N, 7°17’42’’E). Les dépôts archéologiques ont livré une industrie de l’Acheuléen final, associée à des restes fauniques portant de nombreuses marques anthropiques et près d’une trentaine de restes humains. La faune indique un climat frais et humide, au cours du stade MIS 6. Les dernières datations, présentées ici et obtenues par les méthodes ESR, U-Th et par le paléomagnétisme sur les niveaux pléistocènes du site, permettent de situer chronologiquement les niveaux archéologiques entre 190 ka et 120 ka.</p>
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