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                  <biblScope unit="issue">2S3</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="pp">E255-E266</biblScope>
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                <term xml:lang="en">4Rs principle</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Animal welfare</term>
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              <p>Animal experimentation is widely used around the world for the identification of the root causes of various diseases in humans and  animals  and  for  exploring  treatment  options.  Among  the  several animal species, rats, mice and purpose-bred birds com-prise almost 90% of the animals that are used for research pur-pose.  However,  growing  awareness  of  the  sentience  of  animals  and  their  experience  of  pain  and  suffering  has  led  to  strong  opposition  to  animal  research  among  many  scientists  and  the  general public. In addition, the usefulness of extrapolating ani-mal data to humans has been questioned. This has led to Ethi-cal Committees’ adoption of the ‘four Rs’ principles (Reduction, Refinement,  Replacement  and  Responsibility)  as  a  guide  when  making  decisions  regarding  animal  experimentation.  Some  of  the  essential  considerations  for  humane  animal  experimenta-tion are presented in this review along with the requirement for investigator training. Due to the ethical issues surrounding the use of animals in experimentation, their use is declining in those research areas where alternative in vitro or in silico methods are available. However, so far it has not been possible to dispense with  experimental  animals  completely  and  further  research  is  needed to provide a road map to robust alternatives before their use can be fully discontinued.</p>
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