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            <funder>This study received funding from the Centre-Val deLoire region, in the form of French regional grants forour FRELON and FRELON 2 projects, as well as fromVeto-pharma and the French administrative depart-ment of La Manche. The TQ-MS was funded by theregion Centre-Val de Loire (APR-IA 2012).</funder>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Chemical profiles of venom glands in queens, foundresses, pre-wintering gynes, and workers in the hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax</title>
                <title xml:lang="fr">Profils chimiques des glandes à venin chez les reines, les fondatrices, les gynes pré-hivernantes et les ouvrières du frelon Vespa velutina nigrithorax</title>
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                  <publisher>Académie des sciences (Paris)</publisher>
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              <keywords scheme="author">
                <term xml:lang="en">Yellow-legged hornet</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Venom gland</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Invasive species</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Chemical communication</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Vespidae</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Frelon à pattes jaunes</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Glande à venin</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Espèces invasives</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Communication chimique</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Vespidae</term>
              </keywords>
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            <abstract xml:lang="en">
              <p>Invasive species are permanently modifying the distribution and diversity of native species worldwide. For nearly two decades, a hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), has been spreading in Europe. Due to its marked invasiveness, this yellow-legged hornet is of great economic and ecological concern, mainly because of the damage it causes to insects in general and bees in particular. Current management methods are sparse and ineffective. Naturally produced by insects, semio-chemicals have been proposed as integrated management tools in this context, either for disruption or mass trapping, as an alternative tool to conventional nonselective traps. Here, we focused on the venom gland, which produces the alarm pheromone. In previous studies, individuals showed marked diversity in their chemical profiles. However, to successfully conduct targeted pheromone-based trapping, the hornet's chemical ecology must be thoroughly characterized. Therefore, it was necessary to better understand the chemical composition of the alarm pheromone of not only workers but also other V. v. nigrithorax females. First, we evaluated the differences in venom gland profiles between the four types of females: queens, foundresses, pre-winter gynes, and workers. Next, we experimentally explored the venom gland profiles of V. velutina nigrithorax workers and pre-wintering gynes by in vivo and in vitro approaches. We found 13 new compounds in the venom gland, of which 9 were identified (chain lengths: C8 to C12). Two compounds were found exclusively in reproductive females. Profiles differed among pre-wintering gynes, foundresses, and queens but not between pre-wintering gynes and workers. This result indicates that the chemical signature of the female venom gland changes over the course of life history: from pre-wintering gynes to foundresses to queens.</p>
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              <p>Les espèces invasives modifient en permanence la répartition et la diversité des espèces indigènes dans le monde entier. Depuis près de vingt ans, un frelon originaire d’Asie du Sud-Est, Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Hymenoptera : Vespidae), se répand en Europe. En raison de son caractère invasif marqué, ce frelon à pattes jaunes suscite de vives inquiétudes sur le plan économique et écologique, principalement en raison des dégâts qu’il cause aux insectes en général et aux abeilles en particulier. Les méthodes de gestion actuelles sont rares et inefficaces. Naturellement produits par les insectes, les produits sémio-chimiques ont été proposés comme outils de gestion intégrée. Dans ce contexte, soit pour la perturbation, soit pour le piégeage de masse, en tant qu’outil alternatif aux pièges non sélectifs conventionnels. Ici, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la glande à venin, qui produit la phéromone d’alarme. Des études antérieures ont montré que les femelles présentaient une variabilité dans les profils chimiques. Cependant, pour mener à bien un piégeage ciblé à base de phéromones, l’écologie chimique du frelon doit être caractérisée de manière approfondie. Il était donc nécessaire de mieux comprendre la composition chimique de la phéromone d’alarme non seulement des ouvrières, mais également des autres femelles de V. v. nigrithorax. Tout d’abord, nous avons examiné les différences dans les profils des glandes à venin entre les quatre types de femelles : les reines, les fondatrices, les gynes pré-hivernantes et les ouvrières. Ensuite, nous avons exploré expérimentalement les profils des glandes à venin des ouvrières de V. velutina nigrithorax et des gynes pré-hivernantes par des approches in vivo et in vitro. Nous avons constaté la présence de 13 nouveaux composés dans la glande à venin, dont 9 ont été identifiés (longueur des chaînes : C8 à C12). Deux composés ont été trouvés exclusivement chez les femelles reproductrices. Les profils diffèrent entre les gynes pré-hivernantes, les fondatrices et les reines, mais pas entre les gynes pré-hivernantes et les ouvrières. Ce résultat indique que la signature chimique de la glande à venin femelle évolue au cours de l’histoire de vie : des gynes pré-hivernantes aux fondatrices, en passant par les reines.</p>
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