The genetic changes appearing in the information system of the cells that program its unregulated growth and proliferation gradually lead to cancer manifestation and the treatment options must be guided accordingly. The critical roles played by some of the molecules associated with the specific signaling pathways and cell microenvironment that lead to oncogenesis and metastasis have been described precisely in recent years based on findings of the human genome project. Precision oncology relying on the genomic study of the cancer cells to better understand the prognosis and pathways involved with disease progression for the cure is destined to serve the purpose adequately. This article tries to comprehensively elucidate the foundations and frontiers of precision oncology in the context of single-cell technology for efficient cancer treatment.