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            <note type="commentary">"Public utilities and private initiative: The French concession model in historical perspective”, communication à la First Preconference - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 17th and 18th, 2017 at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (co-organisation avec le Centre Roland Mousnier), préparatoire au WEHC Boston 2018 Session 300 222 - Theories Reconsidered. To What Extent Are European Development Theories on Industrialization Valid from a World Point of View?.</note>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Public utilities and private initiative: the french concession model in historical perspective</title>
                <title xml:lang="fr">SERVICES PUBLICS ET INITIATIVE PRIVÉE : LE MODÈLE FRANÇAIS DE LA CONCESSION EN PERSPECTIVE HISTORIQUE</title>
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              <p>Over the long-term, public-private partnerships constituted a means of conciliating the social function of public services and public works, whilst limiting their costs for citizens. It was the case with the use of the concession system in the utilities, even after the massive waves of nationalizations in France in 1944-1946, then 1981-1982. Indeed, from the end of the 1980s, there was a return to the concession system, which was combined with Anglo-Saxon practices, including Build Operate Transfers (BOT) and Public-Private partnerships (PPP). The French model of concession contributed significantly towards the international development of the French Colonial Empire, it was an excellent instrument for French capitalism around the world (Compagnie du Canal de Suez). After World War Two, the concession remained a competitive system: indeed, France produced four important private groups (GDF-Suez, Veolia Environnement, Vinci and Bouygues). The world competitiveness of these French groups resulted of a long-term tradition of interest on the part of engineers in networks systems (École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Ecole Centrale de Paris) and questions relating to energy (Écoles Nationales des Mines), but also due to the intervention of French banks as Suez or Paribas in major international ventures. Building Suez (today Engie) constituted a quasi-perfect example of the French experience: take-over of the Société Générale de Belgique (1988), merger Lyonnaise des Eaux-Dumez (1990), then Suez-Lyonnaise des Eaux (1997), finally merger GDF-Suez (2008).</p>
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              <p>Sur le long terme, les partenariats public-privé ont constitué un moyen de concilier la fonction sociale des services et travaux publics, tout en limitant leurs coûts pour les citoyens. Ce fut le cas avec l'utilisation du système de concession dans les services publics, même après les vagues massives de nationalisations en France en 1944-1946, puis en 1981-1982. En effet, à partir de la fin des années 1980, il y a eu un retour au système de concession, qui a été combiné avec des pratiques anglo-saxonnes, notamment le Build Operate Transfers (BOT) et les partenariats public-privé (PPP). Le modèle français de concession a contribué de manière significative au développement international de l'Empire colonial français, il a été un excellent instrument pour le capitalisme français dans le monde (Compagnie du Canal de Suez). Après la seconde guerre mondiale, la concession est restée un système compétitif : en effet, la France a produit quatre groupes privés importants (GDF-Suez, Veolia Environnement, Vinci et Bouygues). La compétitivité mondiale de ces groupes français résulte d'une longue tradition d'intérêt des ingénieurs pour les systèmes de réseaux (École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, École Centrale de Paris) et les questions relatives à l'énergie (Écoles Nationales des Mines), mais aussi de l'intervention de banques françaises comme Suez ou Paribas dans de grands projets internationaux. La construction de Suez (aujourd'hui Engie) a constitué un exemple quasi-parfait de l'expérience française : rachat de la Société Générale de Belgique (1988), fusion Lyonnaise des Eaux-Dumez (1990), puis Suez-Lyonnaise des Eaux (1997), enfin fusion GDF-Suez (2008).</p>
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