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                <title level="j">Justice spatiale = Spatial justice</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">social reconfiguration</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Zimbabwe</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Nepal</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">community-based management</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">community</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">communauté</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">gestion communautaire</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">recomposition sociale</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Népal</term>
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              <p>In the 1980s, criticisms of radical conservation methods led to the emergence ofcommunity-based approaches to conservation. This policy reset by conservationinstitutions, states and researchers was based on the principle of devolvingmanagement rights to “communities”. Drawing on a cross-reading of this strategywithin two community management programmes, in Nepal (ACAP) and in Zimbabwe(CAMPFIRE), this article seeks to explain how it was conceived in the context of themethodological framework developed by the School of the Commons, but also toshow how such “communities” enable individuals and groups to become part of localpower networks renegotiated around development and conservation. At the sametime, the article seeks to understand how these public policies, although operatingthrough different forms of territorial control exercised by the central government,sustain the advance of two ecological fronts that contribute to the redeployment ofthat control.</p>
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              <p>Dans les années 1980, les critiques des perspectives radicales de protection de lanature ont fait émerger des approches de conservation communautaire. Cetteredéfinition des politiques par les institutions de conservation, les États et leschercheur·euse·s s’est appuyée sur des processus de décentralisation des droits degestion au profit de « communautés ». À partir d’une lecture croisée de cette catégorieau sein de deux programmes de gestion communautaire au Népal (ACAP) et auZimbabwe (CAMPFIRE), cet article a pour but d’expliciter la façon dont elle a été penséedans le contexte de diffusion du cadre méthodologique de l’école des Communs, maisaussi de montrer comment cette « communauté » permet à des individus et à descollectifs de s’insérer dans des réseaux de pouvoir locaux renégociés autour dudéveloppement et de la conservation. Dans le même temps, il vise à saisir la façon dontces politiques publiques, même si elles n’interviennent pas sur les mêmes formes decontrôle du territoire par l’État, contribuent à la progression de deux frontsécologiques qui servent à son redéploiement.</p>
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