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                <term xml:lang="en">Dogs</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Mandible</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Diet</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Evolution</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Domestication</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Morphometrics</term>
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              <p>The domestication involves changes in lifestyle of individuals that will cause changes in phenotype. For example, it has been established, that from the Neolithic some dogs, the first animalspecies domesticated, have been able to digest starch in large quantities. This new adaptationrepresents a crucial step in the evolution of the dog because it represents an adaptation tolifestyle of agricultural societies. As the structure of the masticatory apparatus is related to thetype of diet, it is possible that the dietary change had an impact on the anatomy of the mandible.So, one of the goals of this study is to compare the morphological and morpho-functional evolution of the dogs mandibular apparatus link to the humans techno-economic evolution duringEpipaleotithic until Bronze Age. To study the morphological diversity of mandible, traditionaland geometric morphometric analyses were used on 627 mandibles of dogs and 94 mandibles ofwolves from 36 archeological sites in Europe and Near and Middle East. These analysis showedthe proximity between Paleolithic wolves and Mesolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic dogs in Europe. In addition, this study showed the development of new forms of dogs during the Neolithicand Chalcolithic in Europe. Moreover, after comparison with paleogenetic data, we assumedthat the morphological and morpho-functional diversity of mandible of dogs were linked to thedevelopment of agriculture in Neolithic societies. This study highlights that there is a link between starch diet adaptations in ancient European dogs and a morphological specialization ofthe mandible.</p>
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