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                <term xml:lang="en">Phylogenetics</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">African rice (Oryza glaberrima)</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">domestication</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Middle Niger Valley</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">protohistory</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Phylogénétique</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">riz africain (Oryza glaberrima)</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">domestication</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">moyenne vallée du Niger</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">protohistoire</term>
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              <p>African rice (Oryza glaberrima) was domesticated independently from Asian rice. The geographical origin of its domestication remains elusive. Using 246 new whole-genome sequences, we inferred the cradle of its domestication to be in the Inner Niger Delta. Domestication was preceded by a sharp decline of most wild populations that started more than 10.000 years ago. The wild population collapse occurred during the drying of the Sahara. This finding supports the hypothesis that depletion of wild resources in the Sahara triggered African rice domestication. African rice cultivation strongly expanded 2.000 years ago. During the last five centuries, a sharp decline of its cultivation coincided with the introduction of Asian rice in Africa. The gene PROG1 associated with an erect plant architecture phenotype, showed convergent selection in two rice cultivated species, Oryza glaberrima from Africa and Oryza sativa from Asia. In contrast, the shattering gene SH5 showed selection signature during African rice domestication, but not during Asian rice domestication. Overall, our genomic data reveal a complex history of African rice domestication influenced by important climatic changes in the Saharan area, by the expansion of African agricultural society, and by recent replacement by another domesticated species.</p>
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              <p>Le riz africain (Oryza glaberrima) a été domestiqué indépendamment du riz asiatique. L'origine géographique de sa domestication restait obscure. En utilisant 246 nouvelles séquences du génome complet, nous avons déduit que le berceau de sa domestication se trouvait dans le delta intérieur du Niger. Sa domestication a été précédée d'un fort déclin de la plupart des populations sauvages qui s’est amorcé il y a plus de 10.000 ans. L'effondrement des populations sauvages s'est produit pendant l'assèchement du Sahara. Cette découverte confirme l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'épuisement des ressources sauvages dans le Sahara a déclenché la domestication du riz africain. La culture du riz en Afrique s'est fortement développée il y a 2.000 ans. Au cours des cinq derniers siècles, le fort déclin de sa culture a coïncidé avec l'introduction du riz asiatique en Afrique. Le gène PROG1 associé à un phénotype d'architecture végétale érigée, a montré une sélection convergente pour deux espèces de riz cultivées, à savoir pour Oryza glaberrima d'Afrique et Oryza sativa d'Asie. En revanche, le gène d'éclatement SH5 a montré une signature de sélection pendant la domestication du riz africain, mais pas pendant la domestication du riz asiatique. Pour résumer, nos données génomiques révèlent une histoire complexe de la domestication du riz africain, influencée par les importants changements climatiques qu’a connu le Sahara, par une expansion des pratiques agricoles africaines, puis par le remplacement de cette céréale autochtone par des espèces domestiquées en Asie.</p>
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