Enamelling, i.e. coating of a substrate with a layer of glass by firing, is one of the most sophisticated technologies developed to decorate artefacts. China has a long expertise in the production of ceramics and glass but for technical and aesthetic reasons, 17th century (Ming Dynasty and then Kangxi reign) Chinese decors were rather similar to those obtained on paper with lavish or watercolour techniques. These productions did not permit to represent a ‘realistic’ decor, as prepared on majolica, (soft-paste)porcelain and metal wares by European craftsmen who were capable of making copies of famous paintings. Actually, much information about the ingredients and production process remain imprinted in the matter accessible by spectroscopical methods, Raman and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The rareness and high value of artefacts, particularly those made at the Imperial Palace under the guidance of (Jesuit) European masters, require the use of non-invasive mobile instruments. We present here an overview of the analytical study of French (enamelled watches, Limoges wares, soft-paste porcelain, etc.) and Chinese (wucai, fengcai, falangcai, huafalang, cloisonné etc.) artefacts prepared during the 17th and first part of the 18th century (Qing Dynasty). We are able to identify the first use of European ingredients (blue As-rich cobalt, white cassiterite) and recipes (purple-red Perrot’ gold nanoparticles, Naples yellow lead pyrochlore type pigments) for the preparation of ‘realistic’ decors on Chinese ceramics and enamels, which shed light on the technological exchange between Europe and China. The results are significant in terms of comparison with the written records analyzed by historians. COLOMBAN Philippe, ZHANG Yizheng, ZHAO Bing, « Non-invasive Raman analyses of huafalang and related porcelain wares. Searching for evidence for innovative pigment technologies », Ceramics International 43(15), 2017, 12079-12088. COLOMBAN Philippe, KIRMIZI Burcu, ZHAO Bing, CLAIS Jean-Baptiste, YANG Yong, DROGUET Vincent, « Non-invasive on-site Raman study of pigments and glassy matrix of 17th-18th Century painted enamelled Chinese metal wares : Comparaison with French enamelling technology » Coatings, 10, 2020, 471. COLOMBAN Philippe, KIRMIZI Burcu, ZHAO Bing, CLAIS Jean-Baptiste, YANG Yong, DROGUET Vincent, « Investigation of the pigments and glassy matrix of painted enamelled Qing Dynasty Chinese porcelains by noninvasive on-site Raman microspectroscopy, Heritage 3(3), 2020, 915-940. COLOMBAN Philippe, KIRMIZI Burcu, GOUGEON Catherine, GIRONDA Michele, CARDINAL Catherine, « Pigments and glassy matrix of the 17th-18th century enamelled French watches: A non-invasive on-site Raman and pXRF study » Journal of Cultural Heritage 2020, 44, 1-14. COLOMBAN Philippe, KIRMIZI Burcu, SIMSEK FRANCI Gulsu, « Cobalt and Associated Impurities in Blue (and Green) Glass, Glaze and Enamel: Relationships between Raw Materials, Processing, Composition, Phases and International Trade » Minerals, 11, 2021, 633. COLOMBAN Philippe, GIRONDA Michele, VANGU Divine, KIRMIZI Burcu, ZHAO Bing, COCHET Vincent, « The technology transfer from Europe to China in the 17th-18th centuries: Non-invasive on-site XRF and Raman analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty enameled masterpieces made using European ingredients/recipes” Materials, 2021, 14, 7434