Temporal variations of atmospheric ammonia revealed from space: from long-term global trends to weekly cycle and intraday variability
Résumé
Ammonia (NH3) is widely recognised as a major primary pollutant, deteriorating water, soil,
and air quality. While the importance of monitoring and regulating atmospheric NH3
emissions has been underlined for decades by experts in the field and endorsed or ratified
by a multitude of international organizations, it is only recently that the issue is making its
way onto the political agendas. Over a decade ago, it was discovered that high-resolution
infrared satellite sounders can measure atmospheric NH3, leading to major advances in our
understanding of this atmospheric compound and its sources, and to new possibilities for
benchmarking or enforcing regulations.
Currently, several satellite instruments on polar orbits measure NH3 global distributions twice
a day. Here, we use the long-term daily NH3 time-series available from the Infrared
Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) mission (end of 2007 up to now) to derive global,
regional, and national trends. Reported national trends are analysed in the light of changing
anthropogenic and pyrogenic NH3 emissions, meteorological conditions, and the impact of
concomitant sulphur and nitrogen oxides emissions.
For the first time, the presence of a weekly cycle in the atmospheric NH3 burden is identified
from space over north-western Europe. The weekend effect highlighted here presents a
strong seasonality due to agricultural activities and associated regulations. Ground-based
measurements from the Dutch National Air Quality Monitoring Network corroborate our
results.
Finally, we present the first observations of NH3 from the Geostationary Interferometric
Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) onboard the Chinese FY-4A satellite. GIIRS measures almost all of
Asia ten times per day. We analyse the daily cycle of NH3 over two small regions in Pakistan
and China, and how it varies across different seasons.