Self-organized peripheries in Mediterranean cities. Examples from Rome and Jerusalem.
Résumé
A millennia-old urban history shaped Mediterranean inner cities (Hakim 1988, 2014, Caniggia and Maffei 1979), whereas overall weak regulatory frameworks and attempts of forced modernization produced patchworks of informal, deregulated neighborhoods and top-down planned urban projects during the last decades. The urbanization process within the self-organized context is a fruit of two (overlapped) processes: self-constructed popular urbanization (Streule et al. 2020) and informal but market-driven and developer-led plot-by-plot urbanization (Karaman et al. 2020), in which it could be combined in space and time. The paper will focus on the self-organized system as a way for inhabitants themselves to build their own neighborhoods and fulfill their needs. Deregulated settlements from Rome (Italy), and Jerusalem (Palestine) have been taken as case studies to understand the resulting urban morphology and to formulate hypotheses on the self-organized system efficiency in responding to inhabitant needs, representing the human scale approach, and producing a more adaptive and complex system than the regulated plans and projects. Questioning the advantages and shortcomings of self-organized systems brings to the table alternatives to traditional urban planning theories, norms, and approaches, especially when it comes to urban complexity and inhabitant satisfaction in a structural lack of public funding and intervention capacity.
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