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              <p>Environmental contamination is one of the major causes of biodiversity loss. Wetlands are particularly susceptibleto contamination and species inhabiting these habitats are subjected to pollutants during sensitive phases oftheir development. In this study, tadpoles of a widespread amphibian, the spined toad (Bufo spinosus), wereexposed to environmental concentrations of nicosulfuron (0 μg/L; 0.15 ± 0.05 μg/L and 0.83 ± 0.04 μg/L), asulfonylurea herbicide, during different phases of development. Tadpoles were exposed during embryonic (12.98± 0.90 days) or larval development (93.74± 0.85 days), or throughout both phases, and we quantified developmentduration, morphological traits and behavioural features as responses to exposure. Developing tadpolesexposed to nicosulfuron were larger, but with smaller body, and had shorter but wider tail muscles. They werealso more active and swam faster than control tadpoles and showed diverging patterns of behaviouralcomplexity. We showed that higher concentrations had greater effects on individuals than lower concentrations,but the timing of nicosulfuron exposure did not influence the metrics studied: Exposure to nicosulfuron triggeredsimilar effects irrespective of the developmental stages at which exposure occurred. These results further indicatethat transient exposure (e.g., during embryonic development) can induce long-lasting effects throughout larvaldevelopment to metamorphosis. Our study confirms that contaminants at environmental concentrations can havestrong consequences on non-target organisms. Our results emphasize the need for regulation agencies and policymakers to consider sublethal concentrations of sulfonulyrea herbicides, such as nicosulfuron, as a minimumthreshold in their recommendations.</p>
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