Neanderthal behaviour is discussed in this poster through the use of a commun lithic tool re-employed as to retouch flint: a Levallois scraper showing a bulb with a high picketed aspect. This kind of pieces have anciently been found in a few archaeological sites related to Neanderthal occupations, notably in Retaïmia, west Algeria (Tixier, 2000). However, description of re-used flint tools as flint retouchers are otherwise extremely rare from the literature. This raises the question whether this behaviour in reusing tools is anecdotical or, conversely, largely spread, although rarely described. As Vergisson IV is a Mousterian site, dated around 45 ka cal BP (Condemi et al., 2017), that has also provided a Neanderthal tooth, it enables discussing the topic within a clear chronological and biological evolutionary frame. Diverse hypotheses relative to Neanderthal’s adaptability versus capability will be presented with the biography of the piece.