Parenting Culture(s): Ideal-Parent Beliefs Across 37 Countries
Gao-Xian Lin
(1)
,
Moïra Mikolajczak
(2)
,
Heidi Keller
(3, 4)
,
Ege Akgun
(5)
,
Gizem Arikan
(6)
,
Kaisa Aunola
(7)
,
Elizabeth Barham
(8)
,
Eliane Besson
(9)
,
M. Annelise Blanchard
(1)
,
Emilie Boujut
(10)
,
Maria Elena Brianda
(11)
,
Anna Brytek-Matera
(12)
,
Filipa César
(13)
,
Bin-Bin Chen
(14)
,
Géraldine Dorard
(10)
,
Luciana Carla dos Santos Elias
(15)
,
Sandra Dunsmuir
(16)
,
Natalia Egorova
(17)
,
Maria Josefina Escobar
(18)
,
Nicolas Favez
(19)
,
Anne Marie Fontaine
(13)
,
Heather Foran
(20)
,
Kaichiro Furutani
(21)
,
Myrna Gannagé
(9)
,
Maria Gaspar
(22)
,
Lucie Godbout
(23)
,
Amit Goldenberg
(24)
,
James Gross
(25)
,
Maria Ancuta Gurza
,
Ogma Hatta
(26)
,
Alexandre Heeren
(1)
,
Mai Helmy
(27, 28)
,
Mai-Trang Huynh
(29)
,
Emérence Kaneza
,
Taishi Kawamoto
(30)
,
Nassima Kellou
(31)
,
Bassantéa Lodegaèna Kpassagou
(32)
,
Ljiljana Lazarevic
(33)
,
Sarah Le Vigouroux
(34)
,
Astrid Lebert-Charron
(35)
,
Vanessa Leme
(36)
,
Carolyn Maccann
(37)
,
Denisse Manrique-Millones
(38)
,
Oussama Medjahdi
(39)
,
Rosa Bertha Millones Rivalles
(40)
,
María Isabel Miranda Orrego
(41)
,
Marina Miscioscia
(42)
,
Seyyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi
(43)
,
Badra Moutassem-Mimouni
(31)
,
Hugh Murphy
(20)
,
Alexis Ndayizigiye
,
Tenkue Josué Ngnombouowo
(44)
,
Sally Olderbak
(45)
,
Sophie Ornawka
(23)
,
Daniela Oyarce Cádiz
(46)
,
Pablo Pérez-Díaz
(47)
,
Konstantinos Petrides
(16)
,
Alena Prikhidko
(48)
,
Fernando Salinas-Quiroz
(49)
,
Maria-Pia Santelices
(50)
,
Charlotte Schrooyen
(51)
,
Paola Silva
(52)
,
Alessandra Simonelli
(42)
,
Matilda Sorkkila
(7)
,
Elena Stănculescu
(53)
,
Elena Starchenkova
(54)
,
Dorota Szczygieł
(55)
,
Javier Tapia
(56)
,
Melissa Tremblay
(23)
,
Thi Minh Thuy Tri
(57)
,
A. Meltem Üstündağ-Budak
(58)
,
Maday Valdés Pacheco
(59)
,
Hedwig van Bakel
(60)
,
Lesley Verhofstadt
(51)
,
Jaqueline Wendland
(35)
,
Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong
(61)
,
Isabelle Roskam
(1)
1
UCL -
Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain
2 IPSY - Institut de recherche en sciences psychologiques
3 Universität Osnabrück - Osnabrück University
4 HUJ - The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
5 Ankara University = Ankara Üniversitesi
6 Özyeğin University
7 JYU - University of Jyväskylä
8 UFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos [São Carlos]
9 USJ - Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth
10 LPPS (URP_4057) - Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé
11 Université de Liège
12 UWr - University of Wrocław [Poland]
13 Universidade do Porto = University of Porto
14 Fudan University [Shanghai]
15 USP - Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo
16 UCL - University College of London [London]
17 MSSM - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York]
18 Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez [Santiago]
19 FPSE - Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education
20 University of Klagenfurt
21 HGU - Hokkai Gakuen University
22 UC - University of Coimbra [Portugal]
23 UQTR - Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
24 Harvard University
25 Stanford University
26 UFC - Université de Franche-Comté
27 SQU - Sultan Qaboos University
28 Menoufia University [Egypte]
29 Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology and Education
30 Chubu University
31 Université d'Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed [Oran]
32 Université de Lomé [Togo]
33 University of Belgrade [Belgrade]
34 APSY-V - Laboratoire Activités Physiques et Sportives et processus PSYchologiques : recherches sur les Vulnérabilités / Université de Nîmes
35 UPCité - Université Paris Cité
36 UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro [Brasil] = Rio de Janeiro State University [Brazil] = Université d'État de Rio de Janeiro [Brésil]
37 The University of Sydney
38 Universidad Científica del Sur [Lima, Pérou]
39 Maghnia University Center
40 Universidad César Vallejo
41 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador
42 Unipd - Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua
43 Alzahra University
44 UY1 - Université de Yaoundé I
45 Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne]
46 Universidad Santo Tomas
47 Universidad Austral de Chile
48 FIU - Florida International University [Miami]
49 Tufts University [Medford]
50 UC - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
51 UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University = Université de Gand
52 UDELAR - Universidad de la República [Montevideo]
53 UniBuc - University of Bucharest
54 SPBU - Saint Petersburg State University
55 SWPS - SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
56 UCR - Universidad de Costa Rica
57 HCMUSSH - Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities [Vietnam National University, HCM]
58 Bahcesehir University [Istanbul]
59 UH - University of Havana (Universidad de la Habana)
60 Tilburg University [Netherlands]
61 CMU - Chiang Mai University
2 IPSY - Institut de recherche en sciences psychologiques
3 Universität Osnabrück - Osnabrück University
4 HUJ - The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
5 Ankara University = Ankara Üniversitesi
6 Özyeğin University
7 JYU - University of Jyväskylä
8 UFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos [São Carlos]
9 USJ - Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth
10 LPPS (URP_4057) - Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé
11 Université de Liège
12 UWr - University of Wrocław [Poland]
13 Universidade do Porto = University of Porto
14 Fudan University [Shanghai]
15 USP - Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo
16 UCL - University College of London [London]
17 MSSM - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York]
18 Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez [Santiago]
19 FPSE - Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education
20 University of Klagenfurt
21 HGU - Hokkai Gakuen University
22 UC - University of Coimbra [Portugal]
23 UQTR - Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
24 Harvard University
25 Stanford University
26 UFC - Université de Franche-Comté
27 SQU - Sultan Qaboos University
28 Menoufia University [Egypte]
29 Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology and Education
30 Chubu University
31 Université d'Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed [Oran]
32 Université de Lomé [Togo]
33 University of Belgrade [Belgrade]
34 APSY-V - Laboratoire Activités Physiques et Sportives et processus PSYchologiques : recherches sur les Vulnérabilités / Université de Nîmes
35 UPCité - Université Paris Cité
36 UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro [Brasil] = Rio de Janeiro State University [Brazil] = Université d'État de Rio de Janeiro [Brésil]
37 The University of Sydney
38 Universidad Científica del Sur [Lima, Pérou]
39 Maghnia University Center
40 Universidad César Vallejo
41 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador
42 Unipd - Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua
43 Alzahra University
44 UY1 - Université de Yaoundé I
45 Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne]
46 Universidad Santo Tomas
47 Universidad Austral de Chile
48 FIU - Florida International University [Miami]
49 Tufts University [Medford]
50 UC - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
51 UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University = Université de Gand
52 UDELAR - Universidad de la República [Montevideo]
53 UniBuc - University of Bucharest
54 SPBU - Saint Petersburg State University
55 SWPS - SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
56 UCR - Universidad de Costa Rica
57 HCMUSSH - Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities [Vietnam National University, HCM]
58 Bahcesehir University [Istanbul]
59 UH - University of Havana (Universidad de la Habana)
60 Tilburg University [Netherlands]
61 CMU - Chiang Mai University
Gao-Xian Lin
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807775
- ORCID : 0000-0001-9394-1202
M. Annelise Blanchard
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1189243
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9605-7022
Emilie Boujut
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1310711
- IdHAL : emilie-boujut
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3532-0437
Géraldine Dorard
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 783468
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5587-4480
- IdRef : 142890758
Maria Ancuta Gurza
- Fonction : Auteur
Emérence Kaneza
- Fonction : Auteur
Sarah Le Vigouroux
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 20345
- IdHAL : sarah-le-vigouroux
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6655-7376
- IdRef : 203757459
Astrid Lebert-Charron
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807774
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5427-892X
María Isabel Miranda Orrego
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807776
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9882-2381
Badra Moutassem-Mimouni
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807777
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2487-3274
Alexis Ndayizigiye
- Fonction : Auteur
Sally Olderbak
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807778
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6133-0458
Fernando Salinas-Quiroz
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807780
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1257-6379
Elena Stănculescu
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807782
- ORCID : 0000-0002-3912-812X
Isabelle Roskam
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 781130
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1449-1133
- IdRef : 142457450
Résumé
What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? To answer these questions in a way that minimizes bias and ethnocentrism, we used open-ended questions to explore ideal-parent beliefs among 8,357 mothers and 3,517 fathers from 37 countries. Leximancer Semantic Network Analysis was utilized to first determine parenting culture zones (i.e., countries with shared ideal-parent beliefs) and then extract the predominant themes and concepts in each culture zone. The results yielded specific types of ideal-parent beliefs in five parenting culture zones: being “responsible and children/family-focused” for Asian parents, being “responsible and proper demeanor-focused” for African parents, and being “loving and responsible” for Hispanic-Italian parents. Although the most important themes and concepts were the same in the final two zones—being “loving and patient,” there were subtle differences: English-speaking, European Union, and Russian parents emphasized “being caring,” while French-speaking parents valued “listening” or being “present.” Ideal-parent beliefs also differed by education levels within culture zones, but no general pattern was discerned across culture zones. These findings suggest that the country in which parents were born cannot fully explain their differences in ideal-parent beliefs and that differences arising from social class or education level cannot be dismissed. Future research should consider how these differences affect the validity of the measurements in question and how they can be incorporated into parenting intervention research within and across cultures.