Kinematic constraints on the Cenozoic deformation along the northwestern edge of the Tibetan Plateau remain limited. Combining surface geological data and seismic profiles, we document the structural geometry and kinematics of the large-scale east-west striking Hotan anticline, along the foothills of the Western Kunlun Range. Four new balanced cross sections are constructed, and the temporal evolution of deformation is deciphered from the exceptionally well-imaged growth strata at the front of the fold. This anticline results from a broad fault-bend fold, subsequently deformed by a footwall duplex. The total shortening across the whole structure is relatively constant along strike, from ∼40 to ∼35 km. However, the shortening accommodated by the duplex varies laterally from ∼50–40% to 0% of the total shortening. Two distinct successive patterns of growth strata are recognized and are interpreted to be representative of deformation on the ramp anticline, followed by deformation on the duplex. The onset of deformation initiated by ∼16 Ma. Deformation of the underlying duplex began at ∼12 Ma to the west and subsequently propagated eastward. From these results, we determine a shortening rate of ∼5 mm/yr from ∼16 to ∼8–9 Ma across the Hotan thrust system, followed by a significant decrease in shortening rate, possibly down to <0.5 mm/yr. We explore the significance of this deceleration of deformation at the scale of the Western Kunlun foothills and at a broader regional scale as it may point to a regional kinematic reorganization by the late Miocene.