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Hamed~H Aghdam, Abel Gonzalez-Garcia, Joost van~de Weijer, and Antonio~M L{\'o}pez.
\newblock Active learning for deep detection neural networks.
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\bibitem{ba2016layer}
Jimmy~Lei Ba, Jamie~Ryan Kiros, and Geoffrey~E Hinton.
\newblock Layer normalization.
\newblock {\em arXiv}, 2016.

\bibitem{baker2011database}
Simon Baker, Daniel Scharstein, JP Lewis, Stefan Roth, Michael~J Black, and Richard Szeliski.
\newblock A database and evaluation methodology for optical flow.
\newblock {\em IJCV}, 2011.

\bibitem{bao2021beit}
Hangbo Bao, Li Dong, and Furu Wei.
\newblock Beit: Bert pre-training of image transformers.
\newblock {\em arXiv}, 2021.

\bibitem{barron2016fast}
Jonathan~T Barron and Ben Poole.
\newblock The fast bilateral solver.
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\bibitem{caron2021emerging}
Mathilde Caron, Hugo Touvron, Ishan Misra, Hervé Jégou, Julien Mairal, Piotr Bojanowski, and Armand Joulin.
\newblock Emerging properties in self-supervised vision transformers.
\newblock In {\em ICCV}, 2021.

\bibitem{chen2021empirical}
Xinlei Chen, Saining Xie, and Kaiming He.
\newblock An empirical study of training self-supervised vision transformers.
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\bibitem{chen2021semi}
Xiaokang Chen, Yuhui Yuan, Gang Zeng, and Jingdong Wang.
\newblock Semi-supervised semantic segmentation with cross pseudo supervision.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2021.

\bibitem{chen2020show}
Yun-Chun Chen, Yen-Yu Lin, Ming-Hsuan Yang, and Jia-Bin Huang.
\newblock Show, match and segment: Joint weakly supervised learning of semantic matching and object co-segmentation.
\newblock {\em PAMI}, 2020.

\bibitem{cheng2014global}
Ming-Ming Cheng, Niloy~J Mitra, Xiaolei Huang, Philip~HS Torr, and Shi-Min Hu.
\newblock Global contrast based salient region detection.
\newblock {\em TPAMI}, 2014.

\bibitem{cho2015unsupervised}
Minsu Cho, Suha Kwak, Cordelia Schmid, and Jean Ponce.
\newblock Unsupervised object discovery and localization in the wild: Part-based matching with bottom-up region proposals.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2015.

\bibitem{deselaers2010localizing}
Thomas Deselaers, Bogdan Alexe, and Vittorio Ferrari.
\newblock Localizing objects while learning their appearance.
\newblock In {\em ECCV}, 2010.

\bibitem{devlin2018bert}
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova.
\newblock Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding.
\newblock In {\em NAACL-HLT}, 2018.

\bibitem{dosovitskiy2020image}
Alexey Dosovitskiy, Lucas Beyer, Alexander Kolesnikov, Dirk Weissenborn, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Unterthiner, Mostafa Dehghani, Matthias Minderer, Georg Heigold, Sylvain Gelly, et~al.
\newblock An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale.
\newblock In {\em ICLR}, 2020.

\bibitem{pascal-voc-2007}
M. Everingham, L. Van~Gool, C.~K.~I. Williams, J. Winn, and A. Zisserman.
\newblock The {PASCAL} {V}isual {O}bject {C}lasses {C}hallenge 2007 {(VOC2007)} {R}esults.
\newblock \href{http://www.pascal-network.org/challenges/VOC/voc2007/workshop/index.html}{PASCAL VOC2007}.

\bibitem{pascal-voc-2012}
M. Everingham, L. Van~Gool, C.~K.~I. Williams, J. Winn, and A. Zisserman.
\newblock The {PASCAL} {V}isual {O}bject {C}lasses {C}hallenge 2012 {(VOC2012)} {R}esults.
\newblock \href{http://www.pascal-network.org/challenges/VOC/voc2012/workshop/index.html}{PASCAL VOC2012}.

\bibitem{feichtenhofer2022masked}
Christoph Feichtenhofer, Haoqi Fan, Yanghao Li, and Kaiming He.
\newblock Masked autoencoders as spatiotemporal learners.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2022.

\bibitem{geiger2013vision}
Andreas Geiger, Philip Lenz, Christoph Stiller, and Raquel Urtasun.
\newblock Vision meets robotics: The kitti dataset.
\newblock {\em The International Journal of Robotics Research}, 2013.

\bibitem{he2022masked}
Kaiming He, Xinlei Chen, Saining Xie, Yanghao Li, Piotr Doll{\'a}r, and Ross Girshick.
\newblock Masked autoencoders are scalable vision learners.
\newblock {\em CVPR}, 2022.

\bibitem{hinton2015distilling}
Geoffrey Hinton, Oriol Vinyals, and Jeff Dean.
\newblock Distilling the knowledge in a neural network.
\newblock {\em arXiv}, 2015.

\bibitem{hsu2018co}
Kuang-Jui Hsu, Yen-Yu Lin, Yung-Yu Chuang, et~al.
\newblock Co-attention cnns for unsupervised object co-segmentation.
\newblock In {\em IJCAI}, 2018.

\bibitem{hu2016efficient}
Yinlin Hu, Rui Song, and Yunsong Li.
\newblock Efficient coarse-to-fine patchmatch for large displacement optical flow.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2016.

\bibitem{jiang2013salient}
Huaizu Jiang, Jingdong Wang, Zejian Yuan, Yang Wu, Nanning Zheng, and Shipeng Li.
\newblock Salient object detection: A discriminative regional feature integration approach.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2013.

\bibitem{joulin2010discriminative}
Armand Joulin, Francis Bach, and Jean Ponce.
\newblock Discriminative clustering for image co-segmentation.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2010.

\bibitem{joulin2012multi}
Armand Joulin, Francis Bach, and Jean Ponce.
\newblock Multi-class cosegmentation.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2012.

\bibitem{ke2021universal}
Tsung-Wei Ke, Jyh-Jing Hwang, and Stella~X Yu.
\newblock Universal weakly supervised segmentation by pixel-to-segment contrastive learning.
\newblock {\em ICLR}, 2021.

\bibitem{kim2009unsupervised}
Gunhee Kim and Antonio Torralba.
\newblock Unsupervised detection of regions of interest using iterative link analysis.
\newblock In {\em NeurIPS}, 2009.

\bibitem{koh2017primary}
Yeong~Jun Koh and Chang-Su Kim.
\newblock Primary object segmentation in videos based on region augmentation and reduction.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2017.

\bibitem{krahenbuhl2011efficient}
Philipp Kr{\"a}henb{\"u}hl and Vladlen Koltun.
\newblock Efficient inference in fully connected crfs with gaussian edge potentials.
\newblock {\em NIPS}, 2011.

\bibitem{lao2018extending}
Dong Lao and Ganesh Sundaramoorthi.
\newblock Extending layered models to 3d motion.
\newblock In {\em ECCV}, 2018.

\bibitem{li2013video}
Fuxin Li, Taeyoung Kim, Ahmad Humayun, David Tsai, and James~M Rehg.
\newblock Video segmentation by tracking many figure-ground segments.
\newblock In {\em ICCV}, 2013.

\bibitem{li2015weighted}
Nianyi Li, Bilin Sun, and Jingyi Yu.
\newblock A weighted sparse coding framework for saliency detection.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2015.

\bibitem{li2021mst}
Zhaowen Li, Zhiyang Chen, Fan Yang, Wei Li, Yousong Zhu, Chaoyang Zhao, Rui Deng, Liwei Wu, Rui Zhao, Ming Tang, et~al.
\newblock Mst: Masked self-supervised transformer for visual representation.
\newblock In {\em NeurIPS}, 2021.

\bibitem{lin2014microsoft}
Tsung-Yi Lin, Michael Maire, Serge Belongie, James Hays, Pietro Perona, Deva Ramanan, Piotr Doll{\'a}r, and C~Lawrence Zitnick.
\newblock Microsoft coco: Common objects in context.
\newblock In {\em ECCV}, 2014.

\bibitem{liu2020learning}
Liang Liu, Jiangning Zhang, Ruifei He, Yong Liu, Yabiao Wang, Ying Tai, Donghao Luo, Chengjie Wang, Jilin Li, and Feiyue Huang.
\newblock Learning by analogy: Reliable supervision from transformations for unsupervised optical flow estimation.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2020.

\bibitem{liu2021unbiased}
Yen-Cheng Liu, Chih-Yao Ma, Zijian He, Chia-Wen Kuo, Kan Chen, Peizhao Zhang, Bichen Wu, Zsolt Kira, and Peter Vajda.
\newblock Unbiased teacher for semi-supervised object detection.
\newblock In {\em ICLR}, 2021.

\bibitem{melaskyriazi2022deep}
Luke Melas-Kyriazi, Christian Rupprecht, Iro Laina, and Andrea Vedaldi.
\newblock Deep spectral methods: A surprisingly strong baseline for unsupervised semantic segmentation and localization.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2022.

\bibitem{nguyen2019deepusps}
Tam Nguyen, Maximilian Dax, Chaithanya~Kumar Mummadi, Nhung Ngo, Thi Hoai~Phuong Nguyen, Zhongyu Lou, and Thomas Brox.
\newblock Deepusps: Deep robust unsupervised saliency prediction via self-supervision.
\newblock In {\em NeurIPS}, 2019.

\bibitem{ochs2013segmentation}
Peter Ochs, Jitendra Malik, and Thomas Brox.
\newblock Segmentation of moving objects by long term video analysis.
\newblock {\em TPAMI}, 2013.

\bibitem{perazzi2016benchmark}
Federico Perazzi, Jordi Pont-Tuset, Brian McWilliams, Luc Van~Gool, Markus Gross, and Alexander Sorkine-Hornung.
\newblock A benchmark dataset and evaluation methodology for video object segmentation.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2016.

\bibitem{pothen1990partitioning}
Alex Pothen, Horst~D Simon, and Kang-Pu Liou.
\newblock Partitioning sparse matrices with eigenvectors of graphs.
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\bibitem{ren2015faster}
Shaoqing Ren, Kaiming He, Ross Girshick, and Jian Sun.
\newblock Faster r-cnn: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks.
\newblock {\em NIPS}, 2015.

\bibitem{ren2020instance}
Zhongzheng Ren, Zhiding Yu, Xiaodong Yang, Ming-Yu Liu, Yong~Jae Lee, Alexander~G Schwing, and Jan Kautz.
\newblock Instance-aware, context-focused, and memory-efficient weakly supervised object detection.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2020.

\bibitem{shen2021learning}
Xi Shen, Alexei~A Efros, Armand Joulin, and Mathieu Aubry.
\newblock Learning co-segmentation by segment swapping for retrieval and discovery.
\newblock {\em arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.15904}, 2021.

\bibitem{shi2000normalized}
Jianbo Shi and Jitendra Malik.
\newblock Normalized cuts and image segmentation.
\newblock {\em TPAMI}, 2000.

\bibitem{shi2015hierarchical}
Jianping Shi, Qiong Yan, Li Xu, and Jiaya Jia.
\newblock Hierarchical image saliency detection on extended cssd.
\newblock {\em TPAMI}, 2015.

\bibitem{shin2022selfmask}
Gyungin Shin, Samuel Albanie, and Weidi Xie.
\newblock Unsupervised salient object detection with spectral cluster voting.
\newblock In {\em CVPRW}, 2022.

\bibitem{siddiqui2020viewal}
Yawar Siddiqui, Julien Valentin, and Matthias Nie{\ss}ner.
\newblock Viewal: Active learning with viewpoint entropy for semantic segmentation.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2020.

\bibitem{simeoni2021localizing}
Oriane Sim\'eoni, Gilles Puy, Huy~V. Vo, Simon Roburin, Spyros Gidaris, Andrei Bursuc, Patrick P\'erez, Renaud Marlet, and Jean Ponce.
\newblock Localizing objects with self-supervised transformers and no labels.
\newblock In {\em BMVC}, 2021.

\bibitem{siva2013looking}
Parthipan Siva, Chris Russell, Tao Xiang, and Lourdes Agapito.
\newblock Looking beyond the image: Unsupervised learning for object saliency and detection.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2013.

\bibitem{sun2010secrets}
Deqing Sun, Stefan Roth, and Michael~J Black.
\newblock Secrets of optical flow estimation and their principles.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2010.

\bibitem{sun2018pwc}
Deqing Sun, Xiaodong Yang, Ming-Yu Liu, and Jan Kautz.
\newblock Pwc-net: Cnns for optical flow using pyramid, warping, and cost volume.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2018.

\bibitem{tang2014co}
Kevin Tang, Armand Joulin, Li-Jia Li, and Li Fei-Fei.
\newblock Co-localization in real-world images.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2014.

\bibitem{teed2020raft}
Zachary Teed and Jia Deng.
\newblock Raft: Recurrent all-pairs field transforms for optical flow.
\newblock In {\em ECCV}, 2020.

\bibitem{tong2022videomae}
Zhan Tong, Yibing Song, Jue Wang, and Limin Wang.
\newblock Videomae: Masked autoencoders are data-efficient learners for self-supervised video pre-training.
\newblock {\em arXiv}, 2022.

\bibitem{touvron2021training}
Hugo Touvron, Matthieu Cord, Matthijs Douze, Francisco Massa, Alexandre Sablayrolles, and Herv{\'e} J{\'e}gou.
\newblock Training data-efficient image transformers \& distillation through attention.
\newblock In {\em ICML}, 2021.

\bibitem{uijlings2013selective}
Jasper~RR Uijlings, Koen~EA Van De~Sande, Theo Gevers, and Arnold~WM Smeulders.
\newblock Selective search for object recognition.
\newblock {\em IJCV}, 2013.

\bibitem{van1996matrix}
Charles~F Van~Loan and G Golub.
\newblock Matrix computations.
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\bibitem{vaswani2017attention}
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan~N Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin.
\newblock Attention is all you need.
\newblock In {\em NeurIPS}, 2017.

\bibitem{vicente2011object}
Sara Vicente, Carsten Rother, and Vladimir Kolmogorov.
\newblock Object cosegmentation.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2011.

\bibitem{vo2019unsupervised}
Huy~V Vo, Francis Bach, Minsu Cho, Kai Han, Yann LeCun, Patrick P{\'e}rez, and Jean Ponce.
\newblock Unsupervised image matching and object discovery as optimization.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2019.

\bibitem{vo2020toward}
Huy~V Vo, Patrick P{\'e}rez, and Jean Ponce.
\newblock Toward unsupervised, multi-object discovery in large-scale image collections.
\newblock In {\em ECCV}, 2020.

\bibitem{vo2021large}
Huy~V Vo, Elena Sizikova, Cordelia Schmid, Patrick P{\'e}rez, and Jean Ponce.
\newblock Large-scale unsupervised object discovery.
\newblock {\em arXiv}, 2021.

\bibitem{voynov2021object}
Andrey Voynov, Stanislav Morozov, and Artem Babenko.
\newblock Object segmentation without labels with large-scale generative models.
\newblock In {\em ICML}, 2021.

\bibitem{wang2017learning}
Lijun Wang, Huchuan Lu, Yifan Wang, Mengyang Feng, Dong Wang, Baocai Yin, and Xiang Ruan.
\newblock Learning to detect salient objects with image-level supervision.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2017.

\bibitem{wei2019unsupervised}
Xiu-Shen Wei, Chen-Lin Zhang, Jianxin Wu, Chunhua Shen, and Zhi-Hua Zhou.
\newblock Unsupervised object discovery and co-localization by deep descriptor transformation.
\newblock {\em Pattern Recognition}, 2019.

\bibitem{wei2012geodesic}
Yichen Wei, Fang Wen, Wangjiang Zhu, and Jian Sun.
\newblock Geodesic saliency using background priors.
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\bibitem{wu2017squeezedet}
Bichen Wu, Forrest Iandola, Peter~H Jin, and Kurt Keutzer.
\newblock Squeezedet: Unified, small, low power fully convolutional neural networks for real-time object detection for autonomous driving.
\newblock In {\em CVPRW}, 2017.

\bibitem{xia2018dota}
Gui-Song Xia, Xiang Bai, Jian Ding, Zhen Zhu, Serge Belongie, Jiebo Luo, Mihai Datcu, Marcello Pelillo, and Liangpei Zhang.
\newblock Dota: A large-scale dataset for object detection in aerial images.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2018.

\bibitem{Xiao2010Sun}
Jianxiong Xiao, James Hays, Krista~A. Ehinger, Aude Oliva, and Antonio Torralba.
\newblock Sun database: Large-scale scene recognition from abbey to zoo.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2010.

\bibitem{yan2013hierarchical}
Qiong Yan, Li Xu, Jianping Shi, and Jiaya Jia.
\newblock Hierarchical saliency detection.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2013.

\bibitem{yang2021self}
Charig Yang, Hala Lamdouar, Erika Lu, Andrew Zisserman, and Weidi Xie.
\newblock Self-supervised video object segmentation by motion grouping.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2021.

\bibitem{yang2013saliency}
Chuan Yang, Lihe Zhang, Huchuan Lu, Xiang Ruan, and Ming-Hsuan Yang.
\newblock Saliency detection via graph-based manifold ranking.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2013.

\bibitem{yang2021dystab}
Yanchao Yang, Brian Lai, and Stefano Soatto.
\newblock Dystab: Unsupervised object segmentation via dynamic-static bootstrapping.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2021.

\bibitem{yang2019unsupervised}
Yanchao Yang, Antonio Loquercio, Davide Scaramuzza, and Stefano Soatto.
\newblock Unsupervised moving object detection via contextual information separation.
\newblock In {\em Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, 2019.

\bibitem{ye2022deformable}
Vickie Ye, Zhengqi Li, Richard Tucker, Angjoo Kanazawa, and Noah Snavely.
\newblock Deformable sprites for unsupervised video decomposition.
\newblock {\em CVPR}, 2022.

\bibitem{zhang2018deep}
Jing Zhang, Tong Zhang, Yuchao Dai, Mehrtash Harandi, and Richard Hartley.
\newblock Deep unsupervised saliency detection: A multiple noisy labeling perspective.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2018.

\bibitem{zhang2020object}
Runsheng Zhang, Yaping Huang, Mengyang Pu, Jian Zhang, Qingji Guan, Qi Zou, and Haibin Ling.
\newblock Object discovery from a single unlabeled image by mining frequent itemsets with multi-scale features.
\newblock {\em TIP}, 2020.

\bibitem{zhu2014saliency}
Wangjiang Zhu, Shuang Liang, Yichen Wei, and Jian Sun.
\newblock Saliency optimization from robust background detection.
\newblock In {\em CVPR}, 2014.

\bibitem{zitnick2014edge}
C~Lawrence Zitnick and Piotr Doll{\'a}r.
\newblock Edge boxes: Locating object proposals from edges.
\newblock In {\em ECCV}, 2014.

\end{thebibliography}
