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            <title xml:lang="en">Producing torture in democracy: the case of Basque anti-terrorism in Spain</title>
            <title xml:lang="fr">La fabrique de la torture en contexte démocratique : l’antiterrorisme espagnol face aux militants basques</title>
            <title xml:lang="fr" type="sub">La routinisation de la torture en contexte démocratique</title>
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                <title xml:lang="fr" type="sub">La routinisation de la torture en contexte démocratique</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">terrorism</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Spain</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Torture</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">ETA</term>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">Torture</term>
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              <p>The practice of torture, which is most often seen as exceptional and the prerogative of dictatorships, puts countries that have signed international conventions in contradiction with their commitments. However, the aftermath of 9/11 and the fight against terrorism show that torture is still used by some Western democracies such as the United States and Spain. In order to be perpetuated over decades, this practice needs conditions, in particular legal and political conditions. This article will focus on the analysis of the latter, in the case of Spain and the fight against terrorism. Based on an exhaustive analysis of national and European judicial decisions in the field and press articles on the subject since 1976, we will attempt to uncover the conditions of the ‘routinisation’ of this practice in the heart of the European Union. We will first propose a contextualisation of the persistence of torture from Francoism to the parliamentary monarchy as well as a reminder of some historical facts. We will then consider the material conditions of these practices. Finally, we will carry out a detailed analysis of the legal and political conditions of the routinisation of torture in democratic Spain.</p>
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              <p>Appréhendée le plus souvent comme un fait exceptionnel et l’apanage des dictatures, la pratique de la torture met les pays signataires des Conventions internationales en contradiction avec leurs engagements. Pourtant les suites du 11-Septembre et la lutte antiterrorisme montrent que celle-là demeure utilisée par certaines démocraties occidentales telles que les États-Unis ou l’Espagne. Afin de se perpétuer sur des décennies, cette pratique a besoin de conditions, en particulier juridiques et politiques. C’est à l’analyse de ces dernières, dans le cas particulier de l’Espagne et de la lutte antiterroriste, que nous consacrerons cet article. À partir d’une analyse exhaustive des décisions judiciaires nationales et européennes produites dans le domaine et des articles de presse sur le sujet depuis 1976, nous tenterons de mettre au jour les conditions de la « routinisation » de cette pratique au cœur de l’Union européenne. Pour ce faire, nous proposerons d’abord une contextualisation de la persistance de la torture du franquisme à la monarchie parlementaire ainsi qu’un rappel de quelques faits dans le domaine. Nous envisagerons ensuite les conditions matérielles de cette pratique. Nous procéderons enfin à une analyse détaillée des conditions juridico-politiques de la routinisation de la torture dans l’Espagne démocratique.</p>
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