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            <title xml:lang="en">Developing algorithmic thinking without programming by designing instructions for encryption</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Algorithmic thinking</term>
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              <p>Algorithmic thinking is an important part of digital literacy, enabling learners to navigate the digital world with confidence. As part of a Design Research study with 22 learners in grades 5 and 6 so far, it was investigated to what extent the children learn to think algorithmically when they discover an encryption algorithm without use of a programming language. It was found that some learners can intuitively and independently develop certain algorithmic thinking ideas (such as sequencing and loops) when writing instructions (=developing an algorithm). Hurdles show up in the degree of precision and the degree of generality of the instructions.</p>
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