Infraestructuras industriales, policiales y materialidades patrimoniales en la construcción de la frontera chileno-boliviana en Ollagüe (Chile, 1879-2020)
Résumé
This chapter explores the historical process of border consolidation in Ollagüe,
a town located in the north of Chile, based on three mechanisms: a first economic and political mechanism with the installation of mining industries, a second policing mechanism with the control of migration and smuggling, and a third cultural mechanism with the creation of heritage spaces (natural and cultural). Between 1887 and 1993, an economic model based on mining local resources was established in Ollagüe. The mining industry
was both a project of regional economic development driven by Chilean capitalists and a political project driven by the State that served as a mechanism of control and consolidation of the Chilean-Bolivian border. During the 1970s, the border strengthening project was essentially based on national security and was deployed through heightened police control of migration and of smuggling and traffic. Since the 1990s, with the abandonment of most local mining industries, the border is symbolically constructed through discernible cultural markers. In Ollagüe, the Chilean State imposed border consolidation devices with the creation of heritage materialities. The natural (e.g., tourist trails) and the cultural heritage (e.g., archaeological sites, monuments) thus become other mechanisms that ensure sovereignty, channeling the national discourse and asserting the presence of the Chilean State at the border. Now considered National Monuments, abandoned architectural and industrial remains of the mining industry are transformed into symbolic spaces of border control. The historical development of three mechanisms of border control (political- economic, police, and cultural) is approached through the analysis of unpublished documents, architectural remains and infrastructures.
Domaines
Sciences de l'Homme et Société
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