Sublethal effects of metal toxicity and the measure of plant fitness in ecotoxicological experiments
Résumé
Highlights
• Sublethal effects have to be included in ecological risk assessment.
• In plants, sublethal effects on fitness can be revealed through performance traits.
• Fitness, expressed as seed set, is best correlated with number and length of fruits.
• Estimators for sublethal effects can be used in large-scale outdoor experiments.
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