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                <forename type="first">Lan Phuong</forename>
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            <funder>National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health (Grant Number DA041978)</funder>
            <funder>Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (France—the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis) (Grant Number 13353)</funder>
            <funder>Additional funding was received from the Stop TB Partnership’s TB REACH initiative and the Government of Canada.</funder>
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                  <date type="datePub">2022-02-01</date>
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                <term xml:lang="en">epidemiology</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">prevalence</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">risk factors</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">tuberculosis</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">drug users</term>
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              <p>Background: The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic is not homogeneous in the general population but presents high-risk groups. People who inject drugs (PWID) are such a group. However, TB among PWID remains largely undocumented. Our goal was to assess the prevalence of TB and the risk factors associated with TB among PWID in Vietnam. Methods: We implemented a cross-sectional survey among 2 community-based cohorts of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative PWID in Hai Phong. Participants were screened for TB using questions on TB symptoms. Those who reported any symptom were accompanied by peers to the TB clinic for chest x-ray. If the latter was abnormal, a sputum was collected to perform an Xpert MTB/RIF test. Results: A total of 885 PWID were screened for TB. For both cohorts, most PWID were male (&amp;gt;90.0%), with a median age of 42 years. Beside heroin injection, 52.5% of participants reported smoking methamphetamine, and 63.2% were on methadone. Among HIV-positive PWID (N = 451), 90.4% were on antiretroviral therapy and 81.6% had a viral load &amp;lt;1000 copies/mL. Using a complete-case analysis, the estimated TB prevalence was 2.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–4.5) and 2.1% (95% CI, 0.8–4.2) among HIV-positive and HIV-negative people, respectively. Living as a couple, arrest over the past 6 months, homelessness, and smoking methamphetamine were independently associated with TB but not HIV infection. Conclusions: In the context of very large antiretroviral therapy coverage, this extremely high rate of TB among PWID requires urgent actions.</p>
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              <addrLine>4 Rue du Professeur Robert Debré, 30029 Nîmes</addrLine>
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              <addrLine>101, rue de Tolbiac, 75013 Paris</addrLine>
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          <orgName>Université des Antilles</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UA</orgName>
          <date type="start">2015-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Université des Antilles | Fouillole - BP 250 - 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre</addrLine>
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        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-572076" status="VALID">
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            <address>
              <addrLine>Site EFS Pierre Cazal_ Parc Euromédecine 392 avenue du Professeur Jean-Louis Viala 34184 Montpellier</addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">https://dondesang.efs.sante.fr/occitanie-pyrenees-mediterranee/maison-du-don-de-montpellier</ref>
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          <orgName>Établissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis]</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">EFS</orgName>
          <date type="start">2000-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>20 Avenue du Stade de France 93218 La Plaine Saint Denis</addrLine>
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            <ref type="url">https://www.dondusang.net</ref>
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          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/051escj72</idno>
          <orgName>Université de Montpellier</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UM</orgName>
          <date type="start">2022-01-01</date>
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            <address>
              <addrLine>163 rue Auguste Broussonnet - 34090 Montpellier</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.umontpellier.fr/</ref>
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        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-566779" status="VALID">
          <orgName>NYU System</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">NYU</orgName>
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              <country key="US"/>
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            <ref type="url">http://www.nyu.edu/</ref>
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</TEI>