For about twenty years, studies on wood variability expressed at various levels –, inter - and intra specific, intra-individual, intra-growth ring - and on its causes were multiplied to allow a better understanding and a better use of the wood as climatic marker. Today, wood has become a major tool for reconstruction of paleo-climates. The results presented here concern an important dendro-ecological study led over 1376 growth rings belonging to 184 trees of five temperate species (Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica, Prunus avium, Alnus glutinosa, Pinus sylvestris). The samples were harvested in France, Spain and in Czech Republic. This important data set based on the measurements of seventeen classical and original wood anatomical variables (growth ring width, mean vessel density, mean vessel area, porosity index, porous surface) connected to both productivity (quantity of produced material) and porosity (wood holes quantity), outlined “area effects”, "tree effects" and in a lesser measure “year effects” on the wood anatomical variability. Nevertheless, the understanding of the wood variability, at the intra-specific level, was relatively difficult because of an important number of parasite signals (link to others environmental and biological factors) recorded in the structure of the wood. For example, numerous "false rings" and "narrow rings", expressing respectively dominated and senescent states of the sampled trees, were, outlined in several stations. Despite the existence of these numerous distortions in the interpretation of the link between wood characters and meteorological (precipitation and temperatures of the year of the growth ring formation…) and climates factors (Mean Annual Precipitation, Mean Annual Temperature, Coldest Annual Temperature …), statistical analyses allowed, to propose meteorological and global climate “answer scenarios” for each of the studied species. These last results were used for the re-examination of fossil wood material attributed to the morphotaxon Castanoxylon, from different localities, in an attempt of palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction.