Gender Equality and Maternal Burnout: A 40-Country Study
Isabelle Roskam
(1)
,
Laura Gallée
(2)
,
Joyce Aguiar
(3)
,
Ege Akgun
(4)
,
Andrew Arena
(5)
,
Gizem Arikan
(6)
,
Kaisa Aunola
(7)
,
Michel Bader
(8)
,
Elizabeth Barham
(9)
,
Eliane Besson
(10)
,
Wim Beyers
(11)
,
Emilie Boujut
(12)
,
Maria Elena Brianda
(13)
,
Anna Brytek-Matera
(14)
,
Noémie Carbonneau
(15)
,
Filipa César
(3)
,
Bin-Bin Chen
(16)
,
Géraldine Dorard
(12)
,
Luciana Carla dos Santos Elias
(17)
,
Sandra Dunsmuir
(18)
,
Natalia Egorova
(19)
,
Nicolas Favez
(20)
,
Anne-Marie Fontaine
(3)
,
Heather Foran
(21)
,
Julia Fricke
(22)
,
Kaichiro Furutani
(23)
,
Myrna Gannagé
(10)
,
Maria Gaspar
(24)
,
Lucie Godbout
(15)
,
Amit Goldenberg
(25, 26)
,
James Gross
(26)
,
Maria Ancuta Gurza
,
Muhammad Aamir Hashmi
(27)
,
Mai Helmy
(28, 29)
,
Mai Trang Huynh
(30)
,
Emerence Kaneza
,
Taishi Kawamoto
(31)
,
Nassima Kellou
(32)
,
Oussama Medjahdi
(32)
,
Goran Knezevic
(33)
,
Ljiljana Lazarevic
(33)
,
Sarah Le Vigouroux
(34)
,
Astrid Lebert-Charron
(12)
,
Vanessa Leme
(35)
,
Gao-Xian Lin
(2)
,
Carolyn Maccann
(36)
,
Denisse Manrique-Millones
(37)
,
Marisa Matias
(3)
,
María Isabel Miranda-Orrego
(38)
,
Marina Miscioscia
(39)
,
Clara Morgades-Bamba
(40)
,
Seyyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi
(41)
,
Badra Moutassem-Mimouni
(32)
,
Ana Muntean
(42)
,
Hugh Murphy
(21)
,
Alexis Ndayizigiye
,
Josué Ngnombouowo Tenkue
(43)
,
Sally Olderbak
(44)
,
Sophie Ornawka
(15)
,
Daniela Oyarce-Cadiz
(45)
,
Pablo Pérez-Díaz
(46)
,
Konstantinos Petrides
(18)
,
Claudia Pineda-Marin
(47)
,
Alena Prikhidko
(48)
,
Fernando Salinas-Quiroz
(49)
,
Raquel Sánchez-Rodríguez
(50, 51)
,
Ainize Sarrionandia
(52)
,
Céline Scola
(53)
,
Alessandra Simonelli
(39)
,
Bart Soenens
(11)
,
Emma Sorbring
(54)
,
Matilda Sorkkila
(7)
,
Charlotte Schrooyen
(11)
,
Elena Stănculescu
(55)
,
Elena Starchenkova
(56)
,
Dorota Szczygiel
(57)
,
Thi Minh Thuy Tri
(30)
,
Mélissa Tremblay
(15)
,
Ayse Meltem Ustundag-Budak
(58)
,
Maday Valdés Pacheco
(59)
,
Hedwig van Bakel
(60)
,
Lesley Verhofstadt
(11)
,
Jaqueline Wendland
(61)
,
Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong
(62)
,
Moïra Mikolajczak
(2)
1
IPSY -
Institut de recherche en sciences psychologiques
2 UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain
3 Universidade do Porto = University of Porto
4 Ankara University = Ankara Üniversitesi
5 University of New South Wales [Kensington]
6 Özyeğin University
7 JYU - University of Jyväskylä
8 UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne
9 UFSCar - Federal University of São Carlos
10 USJ - Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth
11 UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University = Université de Gand
12 LPPS (URP_4057) - Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé
13 Université de Liège
14 UWr - University of Wrocław [Poland]
15 UQTR - Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
16 Fudan University [Shanghai]
17 USP - Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo
18 UCL - University College of London [London]
19 EPSM - Etablissement publique de santé mentale de l'Agglomération Lilloise
20 UNIGE - Université de Genève = University of Geneva
21 Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt [Klagenfurt, Austria]
22 Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Berlin University Medicine
23 Hokkai-Gakuen University
24 UC - Universidade de Coimbra = University of Coimbra [Portugal]
25 Harvard University
26 Stanford University
27 University of the Punjab
28 Menoufia University [Egypte]
29 SQU - Sultan Qaboos University
30 VNU-HCM - Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City / Đại học Quốc gia TP. Hồ Chí Minh
31 Chubu University
32 Université d'Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed [Oran]
33 University of Belgrade [Belgrade]
34 APSY-V - Laboratoire Activités Physiques et Sportives et processus PSYchologiques : recherches sur les Vulnérabilités / Université de Nîmes
35 UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro [Brasil] = Rio de Janeiro State University [Brazil] = Université d'État de Rio de Janeiro [Brésil]
36 The University of Sydney
37 Universidad de San Martín de Porres
38 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador
39 Unipd - Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua
40 UNED - Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
41 Alzahra University
42 UVT - Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara [România] = West University of Timișoara [Romania] = Université Ouest de Timișoara [Roumanie]
43 UY1 - Université de Yaoundé I
44 Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne]
45 Universidad Santo Tomas
46 Universidad Austral de Chile
47 FUKL - Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz = Konrad Lorenz University Foundation
48 FIU - Florida International University [Miami]
49 Universidad Pedagógica Nacional
50 ICT - Institut Catholique de Toulouse
51 UT - Université de Toulouse
52 UPV / EHU - Universidad del País Vasco [Espainia] / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea [España] = University of the Basque Country [Spain] = Université du pays basque [Espagne]
53 PsyCLÉ - Centre de Recherche en Psychologie de la Connaissance, du Langage et de l'Émotion
54 University West
55 UniBuc - University of Bucharest
56 SPBU - Saint Petersburg State University
57 SWPS - SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
58 Bahcesehir University [Istanbul]
59 UH - University of Havana = Universidad de la Habana
60 Tilburg University [Netherlands]
61 UPCité - Université Paris Cité
62 CMU - Chiang Mai University
2 UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain
3 Universidade do Porto = University of Porto
4 Ankara University = Ankara Üniversitesi
5 University of New South Wales [Kensington]
6 Özyeğin University
7 JYU - University of Jyväskylä
8 UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne
9 UFSCar - Federal University of São Carlos
10 USJ - Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth
11 UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University = Université de Gand
12 LPPS (URP_4057) - Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé
13 Université de Liège
14 UWr - University of Wrocław [Poland]
15 UQTR - Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
16 Fudan University [Shanghai]
17 USP - Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo
18 UCL - University College of London [London]
19 EPSM - Etablissement publique de santé mentale de l'Agglomération Lilloise
20 UNIGE - Université de Genève = University of Geneva
21 Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt [Klagenfurt, Austria]
22 Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Berlin University Medicine
23 Hokkai-Gakuen University
24 UC - Universidade de Coimbra = University of Coimbra [Portugal]
25 Harvard University
26 Stanford University
27 University of the Punjab
28 Menoufia University [Egypte]
29 SQU - Sultan Qaboos University
30 VNU-HCM - Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City / Đại học Quốc gia TP. Hồ Chí Minh
31 Chubu University
32 Université d'Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed [Oran]
33 University of Belgrade [Belgrade]
34 APSY-V - Laboratoire Activités Physiques et Sportives et processus PSYchologiques : recherches sur les Vulnérabilités / Université de Nîmes
35 UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro [Brasil] = Rio de Janeiro State University [Brazil] = Université d'État de Rio de Janeiro [Brésil]
36 The University of Sydney
37 Universidad de San Martín de Porres
38 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador
39 Unipd - Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua
40 UNED - Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
41 Alzahra University
42 UVT - Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara [România] = West University of Timișoara [Romania] = Université Ouest de Timișoara [Roumanie]
43 UY1 - Université de Yaoundé I
44 Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne]
45 Universidad Santo Tomas
46 Universidad Austral de Chile
47 FUKL - Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz = Konrad Lorenz University Foundation
48 FIU - Florida International University [Miami]
49 Universidad Pedagógica Nacional
50 ICT - Institut Catholique de Toulouse
51 UT - Université de Toulouse
52 UPV / EHU - Universidad del País Vasco [Espainia] / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea [España] = University of the Basque Country [Spain] = Université du pays basque [Espagne]
53 PsyCLÉ - Centre de Recherche en Psychologie de la Connaissance, du Langage et de l'Émotion
54 University West
55 UniBuc - University of Bucharest
56 SPBU - Saint Petersburg State University
57 SWPS - SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
58 Bahcesehir University [Istanbul]
59 UH - University of Havana = Universidad de la Habana
60 Tilburg University [Netherlands]
61 UPCité - Université Paris Cité
62 CMU - Chiang Mai University
Isabelle Roskam
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 781130
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1449-1133
- IdRef : 142457450
Emilie Boujut
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1310711
- IdHAL : emilie-boujut
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3532-0437
- IdRef : 122589637
Géraldine Dorard
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 783468
- IdHAL : dorard-geraldine
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5587-4480
- IdRef : 142890758
Maria Ancuta Gurza
- Fonction : Auteur
Emerence Kaneza
- Fonction : Auteur
Ljiljana Lazarevic
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807773
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1629-3699
Sarah Le Vigouroux
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 20345
- IdHAL : sarah-le-vigouroux
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6655-7376
- IdRef : 203757459
Astrid Lebert-Charron
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807774
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5427-892X
Gao-Xian Lin
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807775
- ORCID : 0000-0001-9394-1202
María Isabel Miranda-Orrego
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807776
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9882-2381
Badra Moutassem-Mimouni
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807777
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2487-3274
Alexis Ndayizigiye
- Fonction : Auteur
Sally Olderbak
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807778
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6133-0458
Konstantinos Petrides
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807779
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8303-9530
Fernando Salinas-Quiroz
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807780
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1257-6379
Céline Scola
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 19455
- IdHAL : celine-scola
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7835-869X
Bart Soenens
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807781
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1581-3656
Elena Stănculescu
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807782
- ORCID : 0000-0002-3912-812X
Jaqueline Wendland
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 772532
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3074-0256
Résumé
In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequalities have been greatly reduced in areas such as education or employment. Because inequalities lead to distress, this development has largely benefited women. One notable exception is the realm of parenting, which has remained rife with inequalities even in the most egalitarian countries. We hypothesized that experiencing inequality in parenting when one holds egalitarian values and raising a child in a country characterized by a high level of gender equality in other areas, increases mothers’ psychological distress in the specific area of parenting. Multilevel modeling analyses computed among 11,538 mothers from 40 countries confirmed this prediction: high egalitarian values at the individual level and high gender equality at the societal level are associated with higher burnout levels in mothers. The associations hold beyond differences in sociodemographic characteristics at the individual level and beyond economic disparities at the societal level. These findings show the importance of egalitarian values and gender equality and their paradoxical effect when inequalities are still present in specific areas as parenting. This study reveals the crucial need to act not only at the micro level but also at the macro level to promote gender equality in parenting and prevent parental burnout.