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                <term xml:lang="en">carbon chains</term>
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              <p>The hybridizations of the carbon atom are textbook examples for different types of chemical bonds. Likewise, the elemental phases of carbon, graphite and diamond, are well known as materials in the pure sp 2 or sp 3 hybridization. However, what is much less known is the elemental carbon phase in the sp 1 (or sp) hybridization. The phase is called carbyne and still somewhat elusive, although many reports about successful syntheses have been given. Carbyne is assumed to consist of densely packed linear chains of carbon atoms and appears to be a rather unstable material. Individual chains of carbon atoms are perfectly one-dimensional structures and show many highly interesting physical properties of classical 1D materials. This article first gives an overview over the relation between the differently hybridized elemental phases of carbon and then focuses on the structure and the properties of individual sp 1 chains of carbon atoms. A brief survey of the synthesis of individual carbon chains as well as bulk carbyne is given at the end of the article.</p>
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