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                <term xml:lang="en">7β-hydroxycholesterol</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">steroidal maleic anhydrides</term>
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              <p>Steroidal maleic anhydrides were prepared in one step: lithocholic, chenodeoxicholic,deoxicholic, ursocholic, and hyodeoxicholic acid derivatives. Their capability to induce celldeath was studied on C6 rat glioma cells, and 7β-hydroxycholesterol was used as positivecytotoxic control. The highest cytotoxicity was observed with lithocholic andchenodeoxicholic acid derivatives (23-(4-methylfuran-2,5-dione)-3α-hydroxy-24-nor-5β-cholane (compound 1a), and 23-(4-methylfuran-2,5-dione)-3α,7α-dihydroxy-24-nor-5β-cholane (compound 1b), respectively), which induce a non-apoptotic mode of cell deathassociated with mitochondrial membrane potential loss and reactive oxygen speciesoverproduction. No cells with condensed and/or fragmented nuclei, no PARP degradation andno cleaved-caspase-3, which are apoptotic criteria, were observed. Similar effects were foundwith 7β-hydroxycholesterol. The cell clonogenic survival assay showed that compound 1bwas more cytotoxic than compound 1a and 7β-hydroxycholesterol. Compound 1b and 7β-hydroxycholesterol also induce cell cycle modifications. In addition, compounds 1a and 1b,and 7β-hydroxycholesterol favour the formation of large acidic vacuoles revealed by stainingwith acridine orange and monodansylcadaverine evocating autophagic vacuoles; they alsoinduce an increased ratio of [LC3-II / LC3-I], and modify the expression of mTOR, Beclin-1,Atg12, and Atg5-Atg12 which is are autophagic criteria. The ratio [LC3-II / LC3-I] is alsostrongly modified by bafilomycin acting on the autophagic flux. Rapamycin, an autophagicinducer, and 3-methyladenine, an autophagic inhibitor, reduce and increase 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death, respectively, supporting that 7β-hydroxycholesterolinduces survival autophagy. Alpha-tocopherol also strongly attenuates 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death. However, rapamycin, 3-methyladenine, and α-tocopherol have no effecton compounds 1a and 1b-induced cell death. It is concluded that these compounds trigger anon apoptotic mode of cell death, involving the mitochondria and associated with severalcharacteristics of autophagy.</p>
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