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                <term xml:lang="en">Nursery (plant)</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Ectomycorrhiza</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Endomycorrhiza</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Mycorrhiza</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Forest tree</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Inoculum</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Seedlings</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Planting stock</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">France -- Europe</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Forest production</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Mycology</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Silviculture</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Technique</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Artificial forest stand</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Review</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Process control</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Development</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Experimentation</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Inhibition</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Inoculation</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Production</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Result</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Symbiosis</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Inoculum</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Plant semis</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Plant végétal</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">France -- Europe</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Production forestière</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Mycologie</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Sylviculture</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">DOUGLAS</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">CHENE ROUVRE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">QUERCUS SESSILIFLORA</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">TUBER ALBIDUM</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">LACCARIA BICOLOR</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">FRANCE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">EUROPE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Résultat</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Article synthèse</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Commande processus</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Développement</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Expérimentation</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Inhibition</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Inoculation</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Production</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Arbre forestier</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Symbiose</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Technique</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Peuplement forestier artificiel</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Pépinière</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Ectomycorhize</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Endomycorhize</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Mycorhize</term>
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              <p>Trees in forest ecosystems are unable to survive in the absence of mycorrhizae. It is essential for afforestation schemes to produce fully mycorrhized planting material. However, mycorrhizal deficiency is not unfrequent in forest nursery due to soil fumigation, hight levels of fertilization, application of fungicides... Nursery practices should be optimized so as to promote mycorrhizal development. Artificial mycorrhizal inoculation may also be used in forest nurseries. Its purpose are two fold : introducing the mycorrhizal fungi in deficient soils or substrates, and partially replacing some of the native populations with more effective strains. The fungi inoculated in the nursery must be suited to the ecology of the afforestation site and be sufficiently competitive with respect to local fungal species. The selection of mycorrhizal species relies essentially on field trials. About thirty field trials have been set up on Douglas fir associated with Laccaria bicolor S 238. In a number of trials and several years after outplanting, the trees inoculated with this american strain in the nurseery continue to grow better than naturally mycorrhized trees. Some interesting preliminay results were also abtained on Quercus sp. Associated with Paxillus involutus and Cedrus atlantica associated with Tuber albidum. These preliminary results need to be confirmed by further field trials.</p>
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              <p>Dans les écosystèmes forestiers, les arbres ne peuvent survivre sans mycorhizes. La production de plants parfaitement mycorhizés est donc essentielle. Néanmoins des déficiences en mycorhizes ne sont pas rares dans les pépinières forestières en raison de la désinfection des sols, des niveaux élevés de fertilisation pratiqués, de l'utilisation de fongicides...Il faut donc optimiser les pratiques de pépinière pour favoriser le développement naturel des mycorhizes. L'inoculation artificielle peut aussi être pratiquée avec 2 objectifs : introduire des champignons symbiotiques dans des sols ou des substrats où ils sont absents et remplacer partiellement des populations naturelles par des souches plus efficaces. Les champigons introduits doivent être adaptés aux conditions écologiques des sites de plantation et compétitifs envers les espèces fongiques locales.La sélection de souches mycorhizienne repose essentiellement sur des essais de terrains. Environ 30 essais ont été mis en place avec le Douglas associé à Laccaria bicolor S 238. Plusieurs années après la plantation, les plants mycorhizés continuent à avoir une croissance supérieure à celle des arbres naturellement mycorhizés. Des résultats préliminaires intéressants ont aussi été obtenus avec le Chêne associé à Paxillus involutus et le Cèdre associé à Tuber albidum. Ils devront être confirmés par un plus grand nombre d'essais de terrain</p>
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