High‐Efficiency Ion‐Exchange Doping of Conducting Polymers
Résumé
Molecular doping-the use of redox-active small molecules as dopants for organic semiconductors-has seen a surge in research interest driven by emerging applications in sensing, bioelectronics and thermoelectrics. However, molecular doping carries with it several intrinsic problems stemming directly from the redox-active character of these materials. A recent breakthrough was a doping technique based on ion-exchange, which separates the redox and charge compensation steps of the doping process. Here, we study the equilibrium and kinetics of ion exchange doping in a model system, PBTTT doped with FeCl 3 and BMP TFSI, which reaches conductivities in excess of 1000 S/cm and ion exchange efficiencies above 99%. We demonstrate several factors which enable such high performance, including the choice of acetonitrile as the doping solvent, which largely eliminates electrolyte association effects and dramatically increases the doping strength of FeCl 3. In this high ion exchange efficiency regime, we illustrate a simple connection between electrochemical doping and ion exchange, and show that the performance and stability of highly doped PBTTT is ultimately limited by intrinsically poor stability at high redox potential.
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