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              <p>Alors que le climat économique international est bien moins porteur qu'il ne l'a été ces dernières années, la croissance en Europe réussit à se maintenir. Pour combien de temps encore ? La reprise se trouve aujourd'hui affaiblie et la croissance potentielle diminuée. Sur fond d'incertitudes politiques importantes (Brexit, guerre commerciale entre les ÉtatsUnis et la Chine, etc.) les risques externes rendent d'autant plus nécessaire le renforcement des piliers internes de la croissance que sont l'investissement et la consommation privée.Mais par-dessus tout, ce sont l'ensemble des déséquilibres – chômage, dette publique, déséquilibres courants – au sein de cette union de pays qu'il est nécessaire de résorber afin de rendre le développement européen soutenable. L'augmentation de la dette publique est l'un des principaux héritages de la crise. Des simulations à long terme suggèrent que, sans un assainissement budgétaire plus poussé, la dette publique n'atteindra pas l'objectif arbitraire de 60 % d'ici 2035 dans un certain nombre de pays. Mais la mise en œuvre d'un nouvel ajustement budgétaire se traduirait pas un chômage plus élevé. Ainsi se pose la question de la soutenabilité de cette règle. La zone euro dans son ensemble dégage un excédent commercial important favorisant des pressions à l'appréciation de l'euro susceptible de réduire les perspectives de croissance. Contrairement à la période avant la crise, le déséquilibre est concentré dans les pays excédentaires. Enfin, les déséquilibres susmentionnés donnent aux réformes de gouvernance un caractère crucial et urgent, pourtant celles-ci peinent à se mettre en place, à l'image de l'adoption incomplète de l'Union bancaire par exemple.</p>
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