The Arab Spring and the resulting conflicts, particularly the Syrian crisis that erupted in 2011, have ushered in a new era of domination and influence in the Middle East. As a former province of the Ottoman Empire, to which Turkey is the principal heir, as a French mandate before becoming independent and integrating Moscow’s sphere of influence during the Cold War, and as an immediate neighbor of Israel where security is threatened by Iran but assured by the United States, Bashar al-Assad’s Syria is the scene of a conflict that has a decisive influence on the Middle East and more broadly on the international order as a whole. Many actors, local, regional, and international, are involved in this conflict: forces loyal to the Syrian regime, rebel groups (Free Syrian Army, Kurds, and jihadists), international and regional organizations (the United Nations and the European Union), and Western countries (United States) as well as several regional powers, with Turkey, Iran, and Russia in the forefront. This book attempts to examine and explain the effects of the Syrian conflict on the new governance of the Middle East region by these three political regimes: Russia, Turkey, and Iran.