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              <p>Ozone (O3) is a key oxidant and pollutant in the lower atmosphere. Significant increases in surface O3 have been reported in many cities during the COVID-19 lockdown. Here we conduct comprehensive observation and modeling analyses of surface O3 across China for periods before and during the lockdown. We find that daytime O3 decreased in the subtropical south, in contrast to increases in most other regions. Meteorological changes and emission reductions both contributed to the O3 changes, with a larger impact from the former especially in central China. The plunge in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission contributed to O3 increases in populated regions, whereas the reduction in volatile organic compounds (VOC) contributed to O3 decreases across the country. Due to a decreasing level of NOx saturation from north to south, the emission reduction in NOx (46%) and VOC (32%) contributed to net O3 increases in north China; the opposite effects of NOx decrease (49%) and VOC decrease (24%) balanced out in central China, whereas the comparable decreases (45-55%) in the two precursors contributed to net O3 declines in south China. Our study highlights the complex dependence of O3 on its precursors and the importance of meteorology in the short-term O3 variability.</p>
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          <date type="start">1939-10-19</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-303344" status="VALID">
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02z5nhe81</idno>
          <orgName>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">NOAA</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>1401 Constitution Avenue, NW Room 5128, Washington DC 20230</addrLine>
              <country key="US"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-302215" status="VALID">
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02ttsq026</idno>
          <orgName>University of Colorado [Boulder]</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Boulder, Colorado 80309</addrLine>
              <country key="US"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.colorado.edu/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-5247" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Max-Planck-Gesellschaft</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Jägerstrasse, 10-11, D-10117 Berlin</addrLine>
              <country key="DE"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.mpg.de/en</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
  </text>
</TEI>