SIGNIFICANCE: Previous studies found no correlation between visual acuity and optical quality, in a population of young subjects with good vision. Using sinusoidal gratings, we systematically investigate the correlation between contrast sensitivity and optical quality as a function of spatial frequency. PURPOSE: This study describes the correlation between the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and the modulation transfer function (MTF) in a sample of young and informed subjects. Our results are compared to prior studies on the correlation between visual acuity and metrics of image quality. We also compare our results to previous studies that compare the CSF, the MTF, and the neural contrast sensitivity function (NCSF). METHODS: The CSF of 28 informed subjects is measured in photopic conditions. The polychromatic MTF is computed from the measurements of monochromatic aberrations. The (CSF, MTF) correlation is estimated as the Pearson correlation coefficient, at each spatial frequency. The NCSF of each subject is estimated as the ratio of CSF to MTF. RESULTS: We obtain high correlation coefficients (0.8) in the 3-6 cycles per degree range of spatial frequencies, which also corresponds to high NCSF. Correlation decreases with increasing spatial frequency in the 6-18 cycles per degree range (down to 0.0 at 18 cycles per degree). In that range, optical and neural contrast sensitivities are both approximately reduced by factor 4. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample of young subjects with good vision, the contrast sensitivity function with sinusoidal gratings better differentiates eyes of good optical quality at intermediate spatial frequencies (3-6 cycles per degree) than at higher spatial frequencies (12-18 cycles per degree). At the highest tested spatial frequency of sinusoidal gratings (18 cycles per degree), there is no significant correlation between optical quality and contrast sensitivity.