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            <title xml:lang="en">Bus Crash Severity in Hanoi, Vietnam</title>
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            <funder>This research is funded by University of Transport and Communications (UTC) under grant number T2021-KT-001TD.</funder>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Bus Crash Severity in Hanoi, Vietnam</title>
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                <title level="j">Safety</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">BUS CRASH</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">BUS SAFETY</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">SEVERITY</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">CRASH MODELING</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">BUS COLLISION</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">PAYS EN DEVELOPPEMENT</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">AUTOBUS</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">VIETNAM</term>
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              <p>Recently, there has been an increasing interest in targeting the safety of bus operations worldwide; however, little is known about the determinants of the bus crash severity in developing countries. By estimating an ordered logit model using the bus-involved collision data in Hanoi (Vietnam), spanning the period from 2015 to 2019, this study investigates various factors associated with the crash severity. The results reveal that the severity risk increases for (1) large buses, (2) raining conditions, (3) evening or night, (4) sparse traffic, (5) non-urban areas, (6) roads with at least three lanes, (7) curved roads, (8) two-way roads without a physical barrier, (9) head-on collision, and (10) pedestrian-related crashes. Aside from confirming the crucial roles of a wide range of factors, this research has examined the effects of two determinants (traffic density and crash area) that have not been considered for the cases of developing countries previously. Based on the findings on the impacts of factors, a series of policy recommendations regarding improving road conditions in non-urban areas, promoting walking infrastructure, reminders of high-risk situations for drivers, safety notes when improving bus service quality, and recording bus-related crashes are proposed.</p>
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