<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:hal="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/" xmlns:gmlce="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce" version="1.1" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0 http://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/documents/aofr-sword.xsd">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>HAL TEI export of hal-03336520v3</title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
        <availability status="restricted">
          <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0 - Universal</licence>
        </availability>
        <date when="2026-05-16T18:01:55+02:00"/>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p part="N">HAL API Platform</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblFull>
          <titleStmt>
            <title xml:lang="en">Competition Between Strategic Data Intermediaries with Implications for Merger Policy</title>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">David</forename>
                <surname>Bounie</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">5015bd1eb2da78a81d03cf7bdca9bd2c</email>
              <email type="domain">telecom-paristech.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">david-bounie</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">173670</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">40306-173670</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4118-1480</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-563936"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-554515"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1091686"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Antoine</forename>
                <surname>Dubus</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">22f3fcfe8ac24314328ec78f9c1764eb</email>
              <email type="domain">telecom-paristech.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1227709</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">1169362-1227709</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5726-155X</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-180925"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Patrick</forename>
                <surname>Waelbroeck</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">9653922bf6e64d5a94f95daa0bdfbe44</email>
              <email type="domain">enst.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">patrick-waelbroeck</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">182160</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">41717-182160</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-563936"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-554515"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1091686"/>
            </author>
            <editor role="depositor">
              <persName>
                <forename>Antoine</forename>
                <surname>Dubus</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">8f2714e74d722aa13c4463ec78a73a36</email>
              <email type="domain">gmail.com</email>
            </editor>
          </titleStmt>
          <editionStmt>
            <edition n="v1">
              <date type="whenSubmitted">2021-09-07 11:18:52</date>
            </edition>
            <edition n="v2">
              <date type="whenSubmitted">2022-03-01 09:22:07</date>
            </edition>
            <edition n="v3" type="current">
              <date type="whenSubmitted">2023-04-28 10:37:05</date>
              <date type="whenModified">2026-02-03 03:32:08</date>
              <date type="whenReleased">2023-05-10 13:52:52</date>
              <date type="whenProduced">2023-04-28</date>
              <date type="whenEndEmbargoed">2023-04-28</date>
              <ref type="file" target="https://hal.science/hal-03336520v3/document">
                <date notBefore="2023-04-28"/>
              </ref>
              <ref type="file" subtype="author" n="1" target="https://hal.science/hal-03336520v3/file/mergers.pdf" id="file-4084542-3563798">
                <date notBefore="2023-04-28"/>
              </ref>
            </edition>
            <respStmt>
              <resp>contributor</resp>
              <name key="501619">
                <persName>
                  <forename>Antoine</forename>
                  <surname>Dubus</surname>
                </persName>
                <email type="md5">8f2714e74d722aa13c4463ec78a73a36</email>
                <email type="domain">gmail.com</email>
              </name>
            </respStmt>
          </editionStmt>
          <publicationStmt>
            <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
            <idno type="halId">hal-03336520</idno>
            <idno type="halUri">https://hal.science/hal-03336520</idno>
            <idno type="halBibtex">bounie:hal-03336520</idno>
            <idno type="halRefHtml">2023</idno>
            <idno type="halRef">2023</idno>
            <availability status="restricted">
              <licence target="https://about.hal.science/hal-authorisation-v1/">HAL Authorization<ref corresp="#file-4084542-3563798"/></licence>
            </availability>
          </publicationStmt>
          <seriesStmt>
            <idno type="stamp" n="SHS">Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="GENES">Groupe des Écoles Nationales d'Économie et Statistique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="CNRS">CNRS - Centre national de la recherche scientifique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="AO-ECONOMIE">Archives ouvertes de l'Economie</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="TELECOM-PARISTECH" corresp="PARISTECH">Télécom Paris</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="X-DEP-ECO">Département d'économie de l’École polytechnique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PARISTECH">ParisTech</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="CREST" corresp="X">Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="I3-TPT" corresp="TELECOM-PARISTECH">Institut Interdisciplinaire de l'Innovation - Télécom Paris</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="SES" corresp="TELECOM-PARISTECH">Département Sciences économiques et sociales</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="IP_PARIS">Institut Polytechnique de Paris</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="INSTITUTS-TELECOM">composantes instituts telecom </idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="OPERATIONAL-AI-ETHICS" corresp="TELECOM-PARISTECH">Operational AI Ethics </idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ECO-TP" corresp="TELECOM-PARISTECH">Equipe Economie</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENSMP_I3">Collection</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UMR_I3">Institut Interdisciplinaire de l'Innovation</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="INSTITUT-MINES-TELECOM">Institut Mines Telecom</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="DEPARTEMENT-DE-MATHEMATIQUES">Collection du Département de Mathématiques</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="IP-PARIS-DEPARTEMENT-MATHEMATIQUES">Département de Mathèmatiques</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="IP-PARIS-MATHEMATIQUES">IP Paris Département de Mathématiques</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="IP-PARIS-SCIENCES-SOCIALES-ET-MANAGEMENT">IP Paris Département des Sciences sociales et Management</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="IP-PARIS-ECONOMIE">IP Paris Département d'Économie</idno>
          </seriesStmt>
          <notesStmt/>
          <sourceDesc>
            <biblStruct>
              <analytic>
                <title xml:lang="en">Competition Between Strategic Data Intermediaries with Implications for Merger Policy</title>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">David</forename>
                    <surname>Bounie</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">5015bd1eb2da78a81d03cf7bdca9bd2c</email>
                  <email type="domain">telecom-paristech.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">david-bounie</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">173670</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">40306-173670</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4118-1480</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-563936"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-554515"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1091686"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Antoine</forename>
                    <surname>Dubus</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">22f3fcfe8ac24314328ec78f9c1764eb</email>
                  <email type="domain">telecom-paristech.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1227709</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">1169362-1227709</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5726-155X</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-180925"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Patrick</forename>
                    <surname>Waelbroeck</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">9653922bf6e64d5a94f95daa0bdfbe44</email>
                  <email type="domain">enst.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">patrick-waelbroeck</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">182160</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">41717-182160</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-563936"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-554515"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1091686"/>
                </author>
              </analytic>
              <monogr>
                <imprint/>
              </monogr>
            </biblStruct>
          </sourceDesc>
          <profileDesc>
            <langUsage>
              <language ident="en">English</language>
            </langUsage>
            <textClass>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="shs.eco">Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTypology" n="UNDEFINED">Preprints, Working Papers, ...</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halOldTypology" n="UNDEFINED">Preprints, Working Papers, ...</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTreeTypology" n="UNDEFINED">Preprints, Working Papers, ...</classCode>
            </textClass>
            <abstract xml:lang="en">
              <p>We build a model of competition between strategic data intermediaries collecting consumer information that they sell to firms competing in a product market. Each intermediary has access to exclusive information on a group of consumers and competes with other intermediaries on a common group of consumers. Information allows firms to distinguish different segments of the consumer demand, and an equilibrium has the following properties. (i.) The largest intermediary collects the highest number of segments and sells information in the competitive market. (ii.) The incentives of the largest intermediary to collect data increase with the competitive pressure exerted by smaller intermediaries through an escape-competition effect. (iii.) Intermediaries sell information on a larger group of consumers in the competitive market than in the monopoly markets, increasing the intensity of competition among firms. (iv.) Competition reduces the incentives of intermediaries to collect data, thus increasing consumer surplus. These results have important implications for merger policy. Indeed, mergers increase the amount of data collected by intermediaries, which reduces consumer surplus due to enhanced price discrimination. This effect takes place in the market where the merging intermediaries operate, and also in other related markets through a ripple effect.</p>
            </abstract>
          </profileDesc>
        </biblFull>
      </listBibl>
    </body>
    <back>
      <listOrg type="structures">
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-563936" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">238327159</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000502717600</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/042tfbd02</idno>
          <idno type="Wikidata">Q48759778</idno>
          <orgName>Institut Polytechnique de Paris</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">IP Paris</orgName>
          <date type="start">2019-06-02</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau Cedex, France</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.ip-paris.fr</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="department" xml:id="struct-554515" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Département Sciences Economiques et Sociales</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">SES</orgName>
          <date type="start">2013-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Télécom Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 PALAISEAU</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.telecom-paris.fr/fr/lecole/departements-enseignement-recherche/sciences-economiques-sociales</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-1048346" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-302102" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-563936" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="researchteam" xml:id="struct-1091686" status="OLD">
          <orgName>Equipe Eco Economie</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">ECO-Télécom Paris</orgName>
          <date type="start">2021-01-01</date>
          <date type="end">2021-12-31</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Télécom Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 PALAISEAU. Anciennement: ECOGE: Economie Gestion.L'équipe ECO  est rattachée au laboratoire I3 jusqu'au 2021-12-31</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-420705" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1048346" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-302102" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-563936" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1159016" type="indirect"/>
            <relation name="UMR9217" active="#struct-441569" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-180925" status="VALID">
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/05a28rw58</idno>
          <orgName>Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology  [Zürich]</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">ETH Zürich</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Hauptgebäude, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich</addrLine>
              <country key="CH"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.ethz.ch/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-1048346" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">026375273</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000 0001 2108 2779</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/01naq7912</idno>
          <orgName>Télécom Paris</orgName>
          <date type="start">2019-06-12</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.telecom-paris.fr</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-302102" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-563936" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-302102" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">192427156</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">000000012202567X</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/025vp2923</idno>
          <idno type="Wikidata">Q27962533</idno>
          <orgName>Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">IMT</orgName>
          <date type="start">2012-03-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>19 Place Marguerite Perey, 91120 Palaiseau</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.imt.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-420705" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation de Telecom Paris</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">I3 SES</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Télécom Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 PALAISEAU</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://i3.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-1048346" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-302102" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-563936" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1159016" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="UMR9217" active="#struct-441569" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regrouplaboratory" xml:id="struct-1159016" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">193951878</idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">201521699A</idno>
          <idno type="Wikidata">Q47531699</idno>
          <orgName>Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">I3</orgName>
          <date type="start">2015-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau Cedex</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://i3.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation name="UMR9217" active="#struct-441569" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-441569" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">02636817X</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000122597504</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02feahw73</idno>
          <orgName>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CNRS</orgName>
          <date type="start">1939-10-19</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
  </text>
</TEI>