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                <term xml:lang="en">Risk/danger disctinction</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Systemic sociology</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Niklas Luhmann</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">External fraud</term>
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                <term xml:lang="es">Disntincio entre riesgo y oeligro</term>
                <term xml:lang="es">Fraude externo</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Distinction risque/danger</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Sociologie systémique</term>
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              <p>This research explores the contribution of Niklas Luhmann’s radical systemic sociology to External Fraud Risk Management. To do this, we use two Luhmannian distinctions — between risk and danger, and between confidence and trust — to verify their (in)validity based on two empirical studies on Healthcare Insurance Companies (HIC) to reduce the risk of external fraud. This study concludes that the Luhmannian framework is relevant for external fraud management issues.</p>
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              <p>Esta obra explora la contribución de la sociología sistémica radical de Niklas Luhmann a la gestión del fraude externo,utilizando dos distinciones luhmannianas -entre riesgo y peligro y entre confianza asegurada y decidida- para verificar su (in)validez sobre la base de dos estudios empíricos de reducción del riesgo de fraude en el contexto de las mutuas de seguros de salud (HIC). Este estudio concluye que el marco de Luhmannian es la clave para comprender la gestión del riesgo de fraude externo</p>
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              <p>Ce travail explore l’apport de la sociologie systémiqueradicale de Niklas Luhmann à la gestion de la fraude externe. Pour cela, nous utilisons deux distinctions luhmanniennes — entre risque et danger ainsi qu’entre confiance assurée et confiance décidée — pour vérifier leur (in)validité à partir de deux travaux empiriques de réduction du risque de fraude dans le cadre des mutuelles santé (HIC). Cette étude conclut à la pertinence du cadre luhmannien en tant que clé de lecture de la gestion du risque de fraude externe.</p>
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