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            <title xml:lang="en" type="sub">a Franco-Brazilian perspective</title>
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            <idno type="halRefHtml">Pascal Guibert. &lt;i&gt;Manuel de sciences de l'éducation et de la formation&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://www.deboecksuperieur.com/ouvrage/9782807331181-manuel-de-sciences-de-l-education-et-de-la-formation"&gt;De Boeck Supérieur&lt;/a&gt;, pp.227-236, 2021, 9782807331181</idno>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">France</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Emancipation</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Philosophie française contemporaine</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Brésil</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Micropolitique</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">20e siècle</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Education</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Kant</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Politique</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Lumières</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Critique</term>
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              <p>The question of emancipation is as central in France as it is in Brazil, in politics as in education, even if it has been abandoned, transformed or renewed in contemporary philosophy. Its origins go back at least to the Enlightenment, with the emergence of critical thinking, of the access of the people to citizenship. We will deal here with the way this problem arose, closer to us, for the French philosophy of the 1980s, starting from the conceptions of Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. These authors are among the most discussed in philosophy of education, in America as well as in Europe. Did French philosophy and philosophy of education bury the concept of emancipation with Marxism, replacing it with less subversive concepts, more adapted to the discourse of dominant liberalism, such as autonomy, subjectivation, self-concern and becoming-minor?  Or did they criticised the very concept of emancipation, precisely to allow it to emerge from ideological uses, those of a revolutionary or socialist discourse that has become hollow or misleading, to allow effective spaces of freedom to be opened up in reality, in practices, in relations between individuals, in education? In order to allow a more emancipatory way of thinking through the very bracketing of the concept of emancipation? We will first deal with Foucault's approach (I), then with Deleuze and Guattari's (II). Finally, we would like to show the implications of this emancipation polemic in Freire's work and in the current Brazilian context (III).</p>
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              <p>La question de l’émancipation est aussi centrale en France qu’au Brésil en politique comme en éducation, même si elle a pu se trouver aussi bien abandonnée, ou transformée, ou renouvelée dans la philosophie contemporaine. L’origine en remonte au moins aux Lumières, avec l’émergence de la pensée critique, de l’accès du peuple à la citoyenneté. Nous allons traiter ici de la façon dont se problème s’est posé, de façon plus proche de nous, pour la philosophie française des années 1980, en partant des conceptions de Michel Foucault, de Gilles Deleuze et Felix Guattari. Ces auteurs sont parmi les plus discutés en philosophie de l’éducation, en Amérique comme en Europe. La philosophie française et la philosophie de l’éducation ont-elles enterré alors le concept d’émancipation avec le marxisme en lui substituant des concepts finalement moins subversifs, plus adapté au discours du libéralisme dominant, comme ceux de l’autonomie, de la subjectivation, du souci de soi, du devenir-mineur ?  Ou bien ont-elles procédé à une critique nécessaire du concept d’émancipation, pour lui permettre précisément de sortir des usages idéologiques, ceux d’un discours révolutionnaire ou socialiste devenu creux ou mensonger, pour permettre d’ouvrir des espaces effectifs de liberté dans le réel, dans les pratiques, dans les relations entre les individus, dans l’éducation ? Pour permettre ainsi une façon plus émancipatrice de penser par la mise entre parenthèse même du concept d’émancipation ?Nous traiterons d’abord de l’approche de Foucault (I), puis de celle de Deleuze et Guattari (II). Enfin, nous aimerions montrer les implications de cette polémique autour de l’émancipation chez Freire et dans le contexte brésilien actuel (III).</p>
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