Root traits explain plant species distributions along climatic gradients yet challenge the nature of ecological trade-offs
2 WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]
3 iDiv - German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research
4 MLU - Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg - Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg
5 The Morton Arboretum
6 ZALF - Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research
7 SETE - Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale
8 Georg-August-University of Goettingen = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
9 ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge]
10 MPI-BGC - Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
11 UHH - Universität Hamburg = University of Hamburg
12 IBG-2
13 Macquarie University
14 CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
15 University of Manchester [Manchester]
16 Tartu University Hospital
17 FIU - Florida International University [Miami]
18 Leipzig University / Universität Leipzig
19 Noble Research Institute
20 GLFC - Great Lakes Forestry Centre
21 Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln]
22 ANU - Andong National University
23 UKIM - Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje / Универзитет „Св. Кирил и Методиј“ во Скопје [Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia]
24 ZHAW - Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften = Zurich University of Applied Sciences
25 Universität Bayreuth [Deutschland] = University of Bayreuth [Germany] = Université de Bayreuth [Allemagne]
26 ECODIV - Département écologie et biodiversité des milieux forestiers, prairiaux et aquatiques
27 ECODIV - Etude et Compréhension de la biodiversité
28 University of Adelaide
29 UQ [All campuses : Brisbane, Dutton Park Gatton, Herston, St Lucia and other locations] - The University of Queensland
30 UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés
31 INP-HB - Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny [Yamoussoukro]
32 Stanford University
33 Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment
34 WSL - Institut Fédéral de Recherches sur la Forêt, la Neige et le Paysage
35 EDYSAN - Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés - UMR CNRS 7058 UPJV
36 RAS - Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow]
37 ANU - Australian National University
38 The University of Edinburgh
39 EMU - Estonian University of Life Sciences
40 CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries = Centre de Recerca Ecologica i Aplicacions Forestals
41 UMN - University of Minnesota System
42 Western Sydney University
43 SBiK-F - Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre
44 UON - University of Nottingham, UK
45 UVa - Universidad de Valladolid = Universidade de Valladolid = Valladolideko Unibertsitatea = University of Valladolid = Université de Valladolid
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Résumé
Ecological theory is built on trade-offs, where trait differences among species evolved as adaptations to different environments. Trade-offs are often assumed to be bidirectional, where opposite ends of a gradient in trait values confer advantages in different environments. However, unidirectional benefits could be widespread if extreme trait values confer advantages at one end of an environmental gradient, whereas a wide range of trait values are equally beneficial at the other end. Here, we show that root traits explain species occurrences along broad gradients of temperature and water availability, but model predictions only resembled trade-offs in two out of 24 models. Forest species with low specific root length and high root tissue density (RTD) were more likely to occur in warm climates but species with high specific root length and low RTD were more likely to occur in cold climates. Unidirectional benefits were more prevalent than trade-offs: for example, species with large-diameter roots and high RTD were more commonly associated with dry climates, but species with the opposite trait values were not associated with wet climates. Directional selection for traits consistently occurred in cold or dry climates, whereas a diversity of root trait values were equally viable in warm or wet climates. Explicit integration of unidirectional benefits into ecological theory is needed to advance our understanding of the consequences of trait variation on species responses to environmental change.
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